Biology subjects

Jin, D.

Publications and source records attributed to Jin, D..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Measuring conscious tactile perception without report: pupil, blink, and microsaccade signatures of a tactile no-report paradigm

Conscious perception is often inferred from behavioral reports, which conflate awareness-related neural signals with the motor and decision processes required to respond. No-report paradigms address this by using spontaneous physiological signals, such as eye movements, to infer perception. Although our group developed a no-report visual paradigm, we had not applied this approach to touch. We developed a no-report tactile paradigm using the Galileo stimulation system to deliver pneumatic air puffs to non-thumb fingers on both hands while tracking eye movements. Participants reported sensations from the Report hand while receiving threshold-level puffs on both hands; eye metrics were used to infer perception in the No-Report hand. Perceived threshold-level stimuli elicited greater pupil dilation and more post-stimulus blinking than identical unperceived stimuli, with effects lasting 1 - 2 seconds. Microsaccade rate decreased after stimulus onset, but this suppression did not reach statistical significance. A stacked support vector machine trained on the Report eye-tracking measures was applied to classify No-Report trials and successfully separated [Predicted] Perceived from [Predicted] Not Perceived trials (AUC = .92; cross-validated accuracy = 72%; sensitivity = 90% at 80% specificity; label-permutation p < .001). These findings show that eye tracking can detect conscious tactile perception without overt responses and offer a noninvasive, scalable approach for studying tactile perception in patients with self-reported disabilities, including comatose or intubated patients.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway

Membrane fusion is ubiquitous in myriad biological processes, including presynaptic neurotransmitter release, myoblast fusion, virus entry, and fertilization1-3. It is often considered in the presence of fusogenic proteins, which mediate the fusion by pulling the membranes into contact to overcome the high energy barrier imposed by hydration repulsion4-7. Here we uncover an alternative pathway - membrane fusion arising from electroporation induced by transmembrane potentials8,9 in absence of proteins. Using biased molecular dynamics simulations to carry out extensive potential-of-mean-force calculations10, we show how electroporation of opposing membranes promotes membrane fusion via formation of an intermembrane splayed lipid and peripore stalk, without any protein involvement. We validate our mechanism by demonstrating experimentally, via video microscopy and second harmonic generation imaging11 of interacting giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), that GUV fusion occurs in the presence of transmembrane potentials but not in their absence. The magnitude of these transmembrane potentials is biologically relevant, prevalent in transient states near the surfaces of cell membranes8,12, underscoring the potential importance of this mechanism in biological events.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

Neuroanatomical Basis of Coma in Acute Ischemic Stroke

BackgroundAcute ischemic stroke (AIS) can lead to profound disturbances in consciousness, including coma, which is associated with poor prognosis and increased mortality. Clarifying the lesion patterns that precipitate loss of consciousness can refine pathophysiological models and guide prognosis. ObjectivesIn this study, we aim to identify the brain regions most commonly affected in comatose AIS and determine whether specific combinations of lesions are necessary and sufficient to produce coma. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 476 AIS patients (52 comatose) using diffusion-weighted imaging. Infarcts were automatically segmented, manually verified, and normalized to MNI space. Support vector regression lesion-symptom mapping (SVR-LSM) quantified voxel-wise associations with coma, controlling for lesion volume. To assess the necessity and sufficiency of lesion combinations, we employed permutation-based nested logistic regression models comparing all subsets of four anatomical predictors: brainstem, thalamus, cerebellum, and the rest of brain lesions. ResultsSVR-LSM revealed that coma was strongly associated with lesions involving the brainstem, thalamus, and cerebellum, whereas non-comatose patients exhibited predominantly cortical infarcts. Nested model comparisons showed that concurrent lesions to both the brainstem and thalamus were necessary and sufficient for coma. Additional involvement of the cerebellum or cerebral cortex did not improve predictive performance. ConclusionsComa after AIS results from a dual-node subcortical lesion pattern involving both the brainstem and thalamus. Cerebellar and cortical lesions, even when extensive, did not induce coma in the absence of the dual-brainstem and thalamic lesions. These observations emphasize the predominant role of lesion location over lesion volume in the pathogenesis of coma. They also support mechanistic models that position the brainstem and thalamic hubs as central to the neural circuitry underlying arousal. Furthermore, these findings delineate a specific anatomical substrate that may serve as a strategic target for circuit-based neuroprotective and neuromodulatory therapies.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

Deficiency in POLE exonuclease causes synthetic lethality in highly aneuploid cancer cells

Aneuploidy is a hallmark of cancer and is associated with drug resistance and poor clinical outcomes across diverse cancer types. However, no therapies have been clinically established to target highly aneuploid tumors. By analyzing a real-world dataset comprising nearly half a million tumor samples subjected to comprehensive genomic profiling, we identified a striking mutual exclusivity between POLE exonuclease domain mutations and high aneuploidy burden. This observation was independently validated using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE). Probabilistic modeling revealed that the elevated quantity and unique spectrum of mutations induced by POLE exonuclease deficiency increase the likelihood of inactivating essential genes on chromosome arms harboring losses, leading to a synthetic lethal phenotype in highly aneuploid cells. Functional experiments demonstrated that POLE exonuclease activity is essential for the viability of highly aneuploid cancer cell lines but is dispensable in diploid cells. These findings suggest that selective inhibition of POLE exonuclease may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for targeting highly aneuploid tumors.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

NOLC1 Suppresses Immuno-chemotherapy by Inhibiting p53-mediated Ferroptosis in Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignant cancers, and cisplatin (Cis)-based chemotherapy remains the main clinical treatment for GC. However, Cis resistance often occurs, largely limiting its therapeutic efficacy in tumors. Therefore, a better understanding of the drug resistance mechanism could reveal new approaches for improving GC treatment efficacy. Here, we define the integrative role of nucleolar and coiled-body phosphoprotein 1 (NOLC1), a molecular chaperone that is significantly upregulated in GC tissues and Cis-resistant GC cells. Knocking down NOLC1 increased GC sensitivity to Cis by regulating ferroptosis. Mechanistically, NOLC1 binds to the p53 DNA binding domain (DBD), decreasing p53 nuclear accumulation stimulated by Cis and suppressing p53 transcriptional functions. Then, the p53-mediated ferroptosis is suppressed. Furthermore, the silence of NOLC1 promoted ferroptosis-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) and reprogrammed the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thereby increasing sensitivity to anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) therapy plus Cis. The combination of anti-PD-1 plus Cis effectively inhibited GC growth without significant side effects. In summary, our findings reveal that targeting NOLC1 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for GC and may increase the efficacy of chemotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

nSMase2-mediated exosome secretion shapes the tumor microenvironment to immunologically support pancreatic cancer

The pleiotropic roles of nSMase2-generated ceramide include regulation of intracellular ceramide signaling and exosome biogenesis. We investigated the effects of eliminating nSMase2 on early and advanced PDA, including its influence on the microenvironment. Employing the KPC mouse model of pancreatic cancer, we demonstrate that pancreatic epithelial nSMase2 ablation reduces neoplasia and promotes a PDA subtype switch from aggressive basal-like to classical. nSMase2 elimination prolongs survival of KPC mice, hinders vasculature development, and fosters a robust immune response. nSMase2 loss leads to recruitment of cytotoxic T cells, N1-like neutrophils, and abundant infiltration of anti-tumorigenic macrophages in the pancreatic preneoplastic microenvironment. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that nSMase2-expressing PDA cell small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) reduce survival of KPC mice; PDA cell sEVs generated independently of nSMase2 prolong survival of KPC mice and reprogram macrophages to a proinflammatory phenotype. Collectively, our study highlights previously unappreciated opposing roles for exosomes, based on biogenesis pathway, during PDA progression. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=189 SRC="FIGDIR/small/614610v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (43K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b6e6d1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1ebb41eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17e4275org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3d31f1_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2024

A COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test Employing Upconversion Nanoparticles

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the critical need for rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. Current methods, including PCR and rapid antigen tests (RAT), have limitations in speed, sensitivity, and the requirement for specialized equipment and trained personnel. Nanotechnology, particularly upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), offer a promising alternative due to their unique optical properties. UCNPs can convert low-energy near-infrared (NIR) light into higher-energy visible light, making them ideal for use as optical probes in single molecule detection and point of care applications. This study, initiated in early 2020, explores the opportunity of using highly doped UCNPs (40%Yb3+/4%Er3+) in lateral flow assay (LFA) for the early diagnosis of COVID-19. The UCNPs-based LFA testing demonstrated a minimum detection concentration of 100 pg/mL for SARS-CoV-2 antigen and 105 CCID50/mL for inactivated virus. Clinical trials, conducted in Malaysia and Western Australia independently, showed that the technique was at least 100 times more sensitive than commercial RAT kits, with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91.34%. The development process involved multidisciplinary collaborations, resulting in the Virulizer device, an automated strip reader for point-of-care testing. This work sets a reference for future development of highly sensitive and quantitative rapid antigen tests, aiming for the Limits of Detection (LoD) in the range of sub-ng/mL.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2024

The Neural Basis of Attentional Blink as a Selective Control Mechanism in Conscious Perception

Conscious perception of visual stimuli involves large-scale brain networks with multiple activation-deactivation dynamics. Previous works have shown that early detection networks may be switched off about 200ms to 300ms after presentation of a visual stimulus. We hypothesize that these deactivations represent a selective control mechanism of the brain to conserve resources for post-perceptual processing. To this end, we used attentional blink as a behavioral measure for this mechanism. We showed that attentional blink is more likely to occur when a previous visual stimulus was consciously perceived. Using high-resolution eye-tracking, we found prolonged decrease in pupil diameter and transient decrease in blink probability associated with attentional blink. Using scalp EEG data, we further showed that attentional blink is associated with more pronounced event-related potentials related to visual processing and report. One sentence summaryattentional blink may represent a selective control mechanism of neural processing resources underlying conscious perception.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

Quantitative profiling of human translation initiation reveals regulatory elements that potently affect endogenous and therapeutically modified mRNAs

mRNA therapeutics offer a potentially universal strategy for the efficient development and delivery of therapeutic proteins. Current mRNA vaccines include chemically modified nucleotides to reduce cellular immunogenicity. Here, we develop an efficient, high-throughput method to measure human translation initiation on therapeutically modified as well as endogenous RNAs. Using systems-level biochemistry, we quantify ribosome recruitment to tens of thousands of human 5' untranslated regions and identify sequences that mediate 250-fold effects. We observe widespread effects of coding sequences on translation initiation and identify small regulatory elements of 3-6 nucleotides that are sufficient to potently affect translational output. Incorporation of N1-methylpseudouridine (m1{Psi}) selectively enhances translation by specific 5' UTRs that we demonstrate surpass those of current mRNA vaccines. Our approach is broadly applicable to dissect mechanisms of human translation initiation and engineer more potent therapeutic mRNAs. HighlightsO_LIMeasurement of >30,000 human 5' UTRs reveals a 250-fold range of translation output C_LIO_LISystematic mutagenesis demonstrates the causality of short (3-6nt) regulatory elements C_LIO_LIN1-methylpseudouridine alters translation initiation in a sequence-specific manner C_LIO_LIOptimal modified 5' UTRs outperform those in the current class of mRNA vaccines C_LI

systems biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Teacher-student collaborated multiple instance learning for pan-cancer PDL1 expression prediction from histopathology slides

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1), as an important biomarker, is quantified by immunohistochemistry with few established histopathological patterns. Deep learning aids in histopathological assessment, yet heterogeneity and lacking spatially resolved annotations challenge precise analysis. Here, we present a weakly supervised learning approach using bulk RNA sequencing for PDL1 expression prediction from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. Our methods, MILTS, extends multiple instance learning paradigm with the teacher-student framework, which assigns dynamic pseudo-labels for intra-slide heterogeneity and retrieves unlabeled instances using temporal ensemble model distillation. The approach, evaluated on 12,299 slides across 20 solid tumor types, achieves a weighted average AUC of 0.83 on fresh-frozen and 0.74 on formalin-fixed specimens for 9 tumors with PDL1 as an established biomarker. MILTS predicts PDL1 expression patterns, validated by immunohistochemistry on 20 slides, offering insights into histologies relevant to PDL1. This demonstrates the potential of deep learning in identifying diverse histological patterns for molecular changes from H&E images.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2023

Rapid intracellular acidification is a novel plant defense response countered by the brown planthopper

The brown planthopper (BPH) is the most destructive insect pest in rice. Through a stylet, BPH secrets a plethora of salivary proteins into rice phloem cells as a crucial step of infestation. However, how various salivary proteins function in rice cells to promote insect infestation is poorly understood. Among them, one of the salivary proteins is predicted to be a carbonic anhydrase (NlCA). The survival rate of the NlCA-RNA interference (RNAi) BPH insects was extremely low on rice, indicating a vital role of this salivary protein in BPH infestation. We generated NICA transgenic rice plants and found that NlCA expressed in rice plants could restore the ability of NlCA-RNAi BPH to survive on rice. Next, we produced rice plants expressing the ratiometric pH sensor pHusion and found that NlCA-RNAi BPH induced rapid intracellular acidification of rice cells during feeding. Further analysis revealed that both NlCA-RNAi BPH feeding and artificial of lowering intracellular pH activated plant defense responses, and that NICA-mediated intracellular pH stabilization is linked to diminished defense responses, including reduced callose deposition at the phloem sieve plates and suppressed defense gene expression. Given the importance of pH homeostasis across the kingdoms of life, discovery of NICA-mediated intracellular pH modulation uncovered a new dimension in the interaction between plants and piecing/sucking insect pests. The crucial role of NICA for BPH infestation of rice suggests that NICA is a promising target for chemical or trans-kingdom RNAi-based inactivation for BPH control strategies in plants. HighlightsO_LIRapid intracellular acidification is a novel plant defense response. C_LIO_LIBrown planthopper delivers into rice tissues a major virulence protein, carbonic anhydrase (NlCA), critical for survival. C_LIO_LINlCA counters intracellular acidification to suppress plant defense. C_LIO_LIResults implicate existence of pH-responsive regulators of defense responses in the rice-brown planthopper interaction. C_LI In briefThe brown planthopper (BPH) is the most devasting insect pest in rice. Jiang et al. discovered that BPH secretes a salivary carbonic anhydrase (NICA) to regulate the intracellular pH of the rice cell to facilitate its feeding and survival on rice plants and that NICA-counters host intracellular pH acidification to diminished defense responses. These findings uncovered that intracellular pH homeostasis is a previously uncharacterized battleground in plant-insect interactions, but also open a door to future discovery of pH-responsive intracellular regulators of defense responses, which could add a new research dimension in the study of plant-biotic interactions.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Field dependent deep learning enables high-throughput whole-cell 3D super-resolution imaging

Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) in a typical wide-field setup has been widely used for investigating sub-cellular structures with super resolution. However, field-dependent aberrations restrict the field of view (FOV) to only few tens of micrometers. Here, we present a deep learning method for precise localization of spatially variant point emitters (FD-DeepLoc) over a large FOV covering the full chip of a modern sCMOS camera. Using a graphic processing unit (GPU) based vectorial PSF fitter, we can fast and accurately model the spatially variant point spread function (PSF) of a high numerical aperture (NA) objective in the entire FOV. Combined with deformable mirror based optimal PSF engineering, we demonstrate high-accuracy 3D SMLM over a volume of ~180 x 180 x 5 m3, allowing us to image mitochondria and nuclear pore complex in the entire cells in a single imaging cycle without hardware scanning - a 100-fold increase in throughput compared to the state-of-the-art.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

An R-R-type MYB transcription factor promotes nonclimacteric pepper fruit ripening pigmentation

Carotenoids act as phytohormones and volatile compound precursors that influence plant development and confer characteristic colours, affecting both the aesthetic and nutritional value of fruits. Carotenoid pigmentation in ripening fruits is highly dependent on developmental trajectories. Transcription factors incorporate developmental and phytohormone signalling to regulate the biosynthesis process. In contrast to the well-established pathways regulating ripening-related carotenoid biosynthesis in climacteric fruit, carotenoid regulation in nonclimacteric fruit is poorly understood. Capsanthin is the primary carotenoid of nonclimacteric pepper (Capsicum) fruit; its biosynthesis is tightly associated with fruit ripening, and it confers red pigment to the ripening fruit. In this study, using a weighted gene coexpression network and expression analysis, we identified an R-R-type MYB transcription factor, DIVARICATA1, and demonstrated that it is tightly associated with the levels of carotenoid biosynthetic genes (CBGs) and capsanthin accumulation. DIVARICATA1 encodes a nucleus-localized protein that functions primarily as a transcriptional activator. Functional analyses demonstrated that DIVARICATA1 positively regulates CBG transcript levels and capsanthin contents by directly binding to and activating the CBG promoter transcription. Furthermore, the association analysis revealed a significant positive association between DIVARICATA1 transcription level and capsanthin content. Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes capsanthin biosynthesis in a DIVARICATA1-dependent manner. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of DIVARICATA1 in pepper and its orthologue in a climacteric fruit, tomato, suggests that its function might be subject to divergent evolution among the two species. This study illustrates the transcriptional regulation of capsanthin biosynthesis and offers a novel target for breeding peppers with high red colour intensity.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Cell detoxification of secondary metabolites by P4-ATPase mediated vesicle transport

Mechanisms for cellular detoxification of drug compounds are of significant interest in human health. Cyclosporine A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) are widely known antifungal and immunosuppressive microbial natural products. However, both compounds can result in significant side effects when used as immunosuppressants. The insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana shows resistance to CsA and FK506. However, the mechanisms underlying the resistance have remained unknown. Here, we identify a P4-ATPase gene, BbCRPA, from the fungus, which confers resistance via a unique vesicle mediated transport pathway that targets the compounds into detoxifying vacuoles. Interestingly, the expression of BbCRPA in plants promotes resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae via detoxification of the mycotoxin cinnamyl acetate using a similar pathway. Our data reveal a new function for a subclass of P4-ATPases in cell detoxification. The P4-ATPases conferred cross-species resistance can be exploited for plant disease control and human health protection.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Superfast Evolution of Multi-drug Antibiotic Resistance

The killing mechanism of many antibiotics involves the induction of DNA damage, either directly or indirectly, which activates the SOS response. RecA, the master regulator of the SOS response, has shown to play a central role in the evolution of resistance to fluoroquinolones, even after short-term exposure. While this paradigm is well established for DNA-damaging antibiotics, it remains unclear whether {beta}-lactams elicit similar resistance dynamics or depend on RecA and SOS-mediated mechanisms. In this study, we observed a rapid and stable evolution of {beta}-lactam resistance (20-fold MIC increase within 8 hours) in Escherichia coli lacking RecA after a single exposure to ampicillin. Contrary to expectation, this resistance emerged through an SOS-independent mechanism involving two distinct evolutionary forces: increased mutational supply and antibiotic-driven selection. Specifically, we found that RecA deletion impaired DNA repair and downregulated base excision repair pathways, while concurrently repressing the transcription of antioxidative defence genes. This dual impairment led to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn promoted the emergence of resistance-conferring mutations. While ampicillin treatment did not alter survival, it selectively enriched for rare mutants arising in the RecA-deficient and ROS-elevated background. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that this oxidative environment, together with compromised DNA repair capacity, increases genetic instability and creates a selective landscape favouring the expansion of resistant clones. These results highlight the repair-redox axis as a key determinant of bacterial evolvability under antimicrobial stress.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

PinR as a Stress Inducible Inhibitory Transcription Factor in Stopping Stress-induced Mutagenesis Bacterial Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance

A recent work reports that the single treatment of {beta}-lactams can cause a SOS-independent superfast evolution of multi-drug resistance in the DNA repair deficiency Escherichia coli (E. coli), but the mechanism is not yet clear. Here, we find that the induction of PinR, a lambdoid prophage Rac, is involved in this process and facilitates the evolution of antibiotic resistance in DNA repair deficiency bacteria through the repression on the transcription of antioxidative genes and the thereafter ROS burst in cells. It is highlighted that the bacteriophage PinR can orchestrate the mutagenesis induced by the overaccumulation of ROS in cells. More importantly, we for the first time demonstrate that the deletion of pinR can avoid the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance induced by either the single or long-term exposure to antibiotics, while strategies to target RecA, e.g., the inactivation on RecA, can be safely implemented to disarm the bacterial resistance to other antibiotics. Therefore, from a drug development perspective, our work suggests future studies on the "evolutionary potentiators" towards a safe and more effective strategy to be developed for infectious disease treatment.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Spatiotemporally Mapping Thermodynamics of Lysosomes and Mitochondria using Cascade Organelle-Targeting Upconversion Nanoparticles

The intracellular metabolism of organelles, like lysosomes and mitochondria, are highly coordinated spatiotemporally and functionally. The activities of lysosomal enzymes significantly rely on the cytoplasmic temperature, and heat is constantly released by mitochondria as the byproduct of ATP generation during active metabolism. Here, we develop temperature-sensitive LysoDots and MitoDots to monitor the in situ thermodynamics of lysosomes and mitochondria. The design is based on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) with high-density surface modifications to achieve the exceptionally high sensitivity of 2.7% K-1 and accuracy of 0.8 K for nanothermometry to be used in living cells. We show the measurement is independent of the intracellular ion concentrations- and pH values. With Ca2+ ion shock, the temperatures of both lysosomes and mitochondria increased by 2[~]4 {degrees}C. Intriguingly, with Chloroquine treatment, the lysosomal temperature was observed to decrease by up to [~]3 {degrees}C, while mitochondria remained relatively stable. Lastly, with oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor treatment, we observed a 3[~]7 {degrees}C thermal increase and transition from mitochondria to lysosomes. These observations indicate different metabolic pathways and thermal transitions between lysosomes and mitochondria inside HeLa cells. The nanothermometry probes provide a powerful tool for multi-modality functional imaging of subcellular organelles and interactions with high spatial, temporal and thermal dynamics resolutions. Graphical AbstractCascade organelle-targeted nano-thermometers based on upconversion LysoDots and MitoDots. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=159 SRC="FIGDIR/small/480800v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (93K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13b8124org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b78a8org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@e866corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19b51d3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

Fast, live-cell imaging of 15 intracellular compartments by deep learning segmentation of super-resolution data

The number of colors that can be used in fluorescence microscopy to image the live-cell anatomy and organelles interactions is far less than the number of intracellular organelles and compartments. Here, we report that deep convolutional neuronal networks can predict 15 subcellular structures from super-resolution spinning-disk microscopy images using only one dye, one laser excitation, and two detection channels. Comparing to the colocalization images, this method achieves pixel accuracies of over 91.7%, which not only bypasses the fundamental limitation of multi-color imaging but also accelerates the imaging speed by more than one order of magnitude.

cell biology↗