A Myosin-7B dependent endocytosis pathway mediates cellular entry of α-Synuclein fibrils and polycation-bearing cargos
Cell-to-cell transmission of misfolding-prone -Synuclein (-Syn) has emerged as a key pathological event in Parkinsons disease. This process is initiated when -Syn-bearing fibrils enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using a CRISPR-mediated knockout screen, we identify SLC35B2 and Myosin-7B (MYO7B) as critical endocytosis regulators for -Syn preformed fibrils (PFF). We show that SLC35B2, as a key regulator of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis, is essential for recruiting -Syn PFF to the cell surface because this process is mediated by interactions between negatively charged sugar moieties of HSPGs and clustered K-T-K motifs in -Syn PFF. By contrast, MYO7B regulates -Syn PFF entry by maintaining a plasma-membrane-associated actin network that controls membrane dynamics. Without MYO7B or actin filaments, many clathrin-coated pits fail to be severed from the membrane, causing accumulation of large clathrin-containing scars on the cell surface. Intriguingly, the requirement for MYO7B in endocytosis is only restricted to -Syn PFF and other cargos that enter cells via HSPGs. Thus, by identifying new regulatory factors for -Syn PFF endocytosis, our study defines a mechanistically distinct clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway that requires additional force generated by MYO7B and actin filaments. SignificanceThe spreading of misfolded protein aggregates such as -Synuclein preformed fibrils (-Syn PFF) from cell to cell is a pathologic hallmark associated with the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases, but it is unclear how mammalian cells take up these large protein aggregates to initiate this prion-like protein transmission process. Here we define the mechanism of -Syn PFF endocytosis using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and live-cell imaging techniques. Our study reveals how -Syn PFF binds to the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans using two lysine-bearing motifs and then enters cells following a Myosin-7B- and actin-dependent endocytosis mechanism that is specifically tailored for polycation-bearing cargos.