Distinct types of short open reading frames are translated in plant cells
Genomes contain millions of short (<100 codons) open reading frames (sORFs), which are usually dismissed during gene annotation. Nevertheless, peptides encoded by such sORFs can play important biological roles, and their impact on cellular processes has long been underestimated. Here, we analyzed approximately 70,000 transcribed sORFs in the model plant Physcomitrella patens (moss). Several distinct classes of sORFs that differ in terms of their position on transcripts and the level of evolutionary conservation are present in the moss genome. Over 5000 sORFs were conserved in at least one of ten plant species examined. Mass spectrometry analysis of proteomic and peptidomic datasets suggested that 584 sORFs located on distinct parts of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are translated, including 73 conservative sORFs. Translational analysis of the sORFs and main ORFs at a single locus suggested the existence of genes that code for multiple proteins and peptides with tissue-specific expression. Alternative splicing is likely involved in the excision of translatable sORFs from such transcripts. We identified a group of sORFs homologous to known protein domains and suggested they function as small interfering peptides. Functional analysis of candidate lncRNA-encoded peptides showed it to be involved in regulating growth and differentiation in moss. The high evolutionary rate and wide translation of sORFs suggest that they may provide a reservoir of potentially active peptides and their importance as a raw material for gene evolution. Our results thus open new avenues for discovering novel, biologically active peptides in the plant kingdom.