Adaptive RAxML-NG: Accelerating Phylogenetic inference under Maximum Likelihood using dataset difficulty
MotivationPhylogenetic inferences under the Maximum-Likelihood (ML) criterion deploy heuristic tree search strategies to explore the vast search space. Depending on the input dataset, searches from different starting trees might all converge to a single tree topology. Often, though, distinct searches infer multiple topologies with large log-likelihood score differences or yield topologically highly distinct, yet almost equally likely, trees. Recently, Haag et al. introduced an approach to quantify, and implemented machine learning methods to predict, the difficulty of an MSA with respect to phylogenetic inference. Easy MSAs exhibit a single likelihood peak on their likelihood surface, associated with a single tree topology to which most, if not all, independent searches rapidly converge. However, as difficulty increases, multiple locally optimal likelihood peaks emerge, yet from highly distinct topologies. ResultsTo this end, we introduce and implement an adaptive tree search heuristic in RAxML-NG, which modifies the thoroughness of the tree search strategy as a function of the predicted difficulty. Our adaptive strategy is based upon three observations. First, on easy datasets, searches converge rapidly and can hence be terminated at an earlier stage. Second, over-analyzing difficult datasets is hopeless and, thus, it suffices to quickly infer only one of the numerous almost equally likely topologies, to reduce overall execution time. Third, more extensive searches are justified and required on datasets with intermediate difficulty. While the likelihood surface exhibits multiple locally optimal peaks in this case, a small proportion of them is significantly better. Our experimental results for the adaptive heuristic on 9, 515 empirical and 5, 000 simulated datasets with varying difficulty exhibit substantial speedups, especially on easy and difficult datasets (53% of total MSAs), where we observe average speedups of more than 10x. Further, approximately 94% of the inferred trees using the adaptive strategy are statistically indistinguishable from the trees inferred under the standard strategy (RAxML-NG). AvailabilityGNU GPL at https://github.com/togkousa/raxml-ng/tree/adaptive. ContactAnastasis.Togkousidis@h-its.org Supplementary MaterialAvailable