Canada goose fecal microbiota correlate with geography more than host-associated co-factors
The gut microbiota has many positive effects on the host, but how the microbiota is shaped and influenced can vary greatly. These factors affect the composition, diversity, and function of host-associated microbiota; however, these factors vary greatly from organism to organism and clade to clade. The avian microbiota often correlates more with the sampling locations rather than host-associated co-factors. These correlations between location and microbiota often only include a few sampling locations within the species range. To better understand the connection between geographic distance and the microbiota, were collected from non-migratory Canada geese across the United States. We expected host-associated factors to have minimal effect on the microbiota and geese microbiota will be strongly correlated to geography. We hypothesized more proximal geese will be exposed to more similar environmental microbes and will have more similar microbiota. Canada geese microbiota are largely similar across the entire sampling range. Several bacterial taxa were shared by more than half of the geese. Four phyla were found in the majority of the samples: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Three genera were also present in the majority of the samples: Helicobacter, Subdoligranulum, and Faecalibacterium. There were minimal differences in alpha diversity with respect to age, sex, and flyway. There were significant correlations between geography and beta diversity. Supervised machine learning models were able to predict the location of a fecal sample based on taxonomic data alone. Distance decay analysis show a positive relationship between geographic distance and beta diversity. Our work provides novel insights into the microbiota of the ubiquitous Canada goose and further supports the claim that the avian microbiota is largely dominated by the hosts environment. This work also suggests that there is a minimum distance that must be reached before significant differences in the microbiota between two individuals can be observed.