Biology subjects

Hirano, Z. M. B.

Publications and source records attributed to Hirano, Z. M. B..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

Wildlife is imperiled in peri-urban landscapes: threats to arboreal mammals

Urbanization and deforestation impose severe challenges to wildlife, particularly for forest-living vertebrates. Understanding how the peri-urban matrix impacts their survival is critical for designing strategies to promote their conservation. We investigated the threats faced by brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) in peri-urban regions of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC) states, southern Brazil, by compiling negative interaction events (hereafter NIE) reported over more than two decades. We assessed the major NIEs, their distribution among age-sex classes, and the predictors of NIE-related mortality. After 20+ years of monitoring, we compiled 540 NIEs (RS = 248 and SC = 292). Electrocution by power lines was the most frequent cause of death or injury (37%), followed by dog attack (34%), vehicle collision (17%), and human mistreatment (12%). The occurrence of lethal injuries ranged from 5% to 69% depending on the type of NIE and on which state it occurred in. The overall post-NIE mortality was 56%. Adults of both sexes were the most affected individuals in both study regions. The minimal adequate GLM model explained 83% of the variation in NIE-related mortality. State, NIE type, and age-sex class were the main predictors of mortality. Overall, mortality was lower in SC and higher among adult females than in the other classes. We found that the survival of brown howler monkeys in the forest-urban interface is constrained by both the urban infrastructure and the growing interactions with humans and domestic and stray dogs (Canis familiaris). We propose the placement of aerial bridges, road signs and speed bumps in areas of frequent animal crossing, the sterilization of stray dogs, and the sensitization of local inhabitants on the importance of respecting and protecting wildlife to reduce their NIEs with humans and domestic animals in the forest-urban interface.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2019

The genome of the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium simium reveals adaptions to host-switching

BackgroundPlasmodium simium, a malaria parasite of non-human primates (NHP) was recently shown to cause zoonotic infections in humans in Brazil. We sequenced the P. simium genome to investigate its evolutionary history and to identify any genetic adaptions that may underlie the ability of this parasite to switch between host species. ResultsPhylogenetic analyses based on whole genome sequences of P. simium from humans and NHPs reveals that P. simium is monophyletic within the broader diversity of South American Plasmodium vivax, suggesting P. simium first infected NHPs as a result of a host-switch of P. vivax from humans. The P. simium isolates show the closest relationship to Mexican P. vivax isolates. Analysis of erythrocyte invasion genes reveals differences between P. vivax and P. simium, including large deletions in the Duffy Binding Protein 1 (DBP1) and Reticulocyte Binding Protein 2a genes of P. simium. Analysis of P. simium isolated from NHPs and humans revealed a deletion of 38 amino acids in DBP1 present in all human-derived isolates, whereas NHP isolates were multi-allelic. ConclusionsAnalysis of the P. simium genome confirmed a close phylogenetic relationship between P. simium and P. vivax, and suggests a very recent American origin for P. simium. The presence of the DBP1 deletion in all human-derived isolates tested suggests that this deletion, in combination with other genetic changes in P. simium, may facilitate the invasion of human red blood cells and may explain, at least in part, the basis of the recent zoonotic infections.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2017

Human Migration And The Spread Of Malaria Parasites To The New World

BackgroundThe Americas were the last continent to be settled by modern humans, but how and when human malaria parasites arrived in the New World is uncertain. Here, we apply phylogenetic analysis and coalescent-based gene flow modeling to a global collection of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax mitogenomes to infer the demographic history and geographic origins of malaria parasites circulating in the Americas. Importantly, we examine P. vivax mitogenomes from previously unsampled forest-covered sites along the Atlantic Coast of Brazil, including the vivax-like species P. simium that locally infects platyrrhini monkeys.\n\nResultsThe best-supported gene flow models are consistent with migration of both malaria parasites from Africa and South Asia to the New World, with no genetic signature of a population bottleneck upon parasite's arrival in the Americas. We found evidence of additional gene flow from Melanesia in P. vivax (but not P. falciparum) mitogenomes from the Americas and speculate that some P. vivax lineages might have arrived with the Australasian peoples who contributed genes to Native Americans in pre-Columbian times. Mitochondrial haplotypes characterized in P. simium from monkeys from the Atlantic Forest are shared by local humans. These vivax-like lineages have not spread to the Amazon Basin, are much less diverse than P. vivax circulating elsewhere in Brazil, and show no close genetic relatedness with P. vivax populations from other continents.\n\nConclusionsEnslaved peoples brought from a wide variety of African locations were major carriers of P. falciparum mitochondrial lineages into the Americas, but additional human migration waves are likely to have contributed to the extensive genetic diversity of present-day New World populations of P. vivax. The reduced genetic diversity of vivax-like monkey parasites, compared with human P. vivax from across this country, argues for a recent human-to-monkey transfer of these lineages in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil.\n\nAuthor summaryMalaria is currently endemic to the Americas, with over 400,000 laboratory-confirmed infections reported annually, but how and when human malaria parasites entered this continent remains largely unknown. To determine the geographic origins of malaria parasites currently circulating in the Americas, we examined a global collection of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax mitochondrial genomes, including those from understudied isolates of P. vivax and P. simium, a vivax-like species that infect platyrrhini monkeys, from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. We found evidence of significant historical migration to the New World of malaria parasites from Africa and, to a lesser extent, South Asia, with further genetic contribution of Melanesian lineages to South American P. vivax populations. Importantly, mitochondrial haplotypes of P. simium are shared by monkeys and humans from the Atlantic Forest, most likely as a result of a recent human-to-monkey transfer. Interestingly, these potentially zoonotic lineages are not found in the Amazon Basin, the main malaria-endemic area in the Americas. We conclude that enslaved Africans were the main carriers of P. falciparum mitochondrial lineages into the Americas, whereas additional migration waves of Australasian peoples and parasites may have contributed to the genetic makeup of present-day New World populations of P. vivax.

microbiology↗