Autoregulatory circuit regulating basolateral cargo export from the TGN: role of the orphan receptor GPRC5A in PKD signaling and cell polarity.
The membrane transport apparatus comprises a series of separate membrane bound compartments, or transport stations, that are responsible for the synthesis, processing, transport, sorting and delivery to their final cellular destinations of most transmembrane and soluble lumenal proteins. Over the last decades the membrane transport system has been shown to be extensively regulated both by environmental inputs and by internal homeostatic signalling systems, or control systems, that operate to maintain the homeostasis and optimal functionality of the main transport stations, such as the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi, in the face of internal and external perturbations. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a major transport and processing station and the main sorting compartment of the transport apparatus. However, the mechanisms that control cargo export and sorting at the TGN have so far remained elusive. Here we focus on the sorting of basolateral cargo proteins and show that these proteins bind to the TGN localized orphan receptor GPRC5A. The cargo-GPRC5A complex triggers the activation of a signaling pathway that involves the G{beta}{gamma} subunits dependent activation of the phospholipase C beta 3 (PLC{beta}3), which inturn induces diacyl glycerol (DAG) production. DAG recruits and activates protein kinase D (PKD) and the phosphorylation of its substrates. This step results in the formation of basolateral carriers for delivery of these cargoes to the basolateral plasma membrane domain. We term this mechanism "ARTG" (AutoRegulation of TGN export). Remarkably, the impairment of ARTG pathway components, and in particular of GPRC5A, causes defects in the polarized organization of epithelial cells.