State-dependent protein-protein interactions mediating 4-1BB CAR Signaling
Cells rely on activity-dependent protein-protein interactions to convey biological signals, but the state-dependent interactome is notoriously cell-specific and undercharacterized1. In the case of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells containing a 4-1BB costimulatory domain, receptor engagement is thought to trigger the formation of protein complexes similar to those triggered by T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling, but the number and type of protein-interaction-mediating binding domains differ between CARs and TCRs. Here, we performed co-immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of a 2nd generation CD19-directed 4-1BB:zeta CAR (referred to as bb{zeta}CAR) and identified 67 proteins that increased their co-association after target engagement. We compared activity-induced TCR and CAR signalosomes using quantitative multiplex co-immunoprecipitation and showed that bb{zeta}CAR engagement leads to activation of two modules of protein interactions, one similar to TCR signaling that is more weakly engaged in bb{zeta}CAR vs. TCR, and one composed of TRAF signaling complexes that is not engaged by the TCR. Batch-to-batch and inter-individual variations in IL2 production correlated with differences in the magnitude of protein network activation. Future CAR T cell manufacturing protocols could measure, and eventually control, biological variation by monitoring these signalosome activation markers. One Sentence SummaryWe define a network of protein interactions engaged by chimeric antigen receptors following target binding, and show that the magnitude of network activation correlates with IL-2 secretion, a proxy measure for CAR T cell function.