Biology subjects

Guo, H.

Publications and source records attributed to Guo, H..

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Isolation of ACE2-dependent and -independent sarbecoviruses from Chinese horseshoe bats

While the spike proteins from SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to host ACE2 to infect cells, the majority of bat sarbecoviruses cannot use ACE2 from any species. Despite their discovery almost 20 years ago, ACE2-independent sarbecoviruses have never been isolated from field samples, leading to the assumption these viruses pose little risk to humans. We have previously shown how spike proteins from a small group of ACE2-independent bat sarbecoviruses may possess the ability to infect human cells in the presence of exogenous trypsin. Here, we adapted our earlier findings into a virus isolation protocol, and recovered two new ACE2-dependent viruses, RsYN2012 and RsYN2016, as well as an ACE2-independent virus, RsHuB2019. Although our stocks of RsHuB2019 rapidly acquired a tissue-culture adaption that rendered the spike protein resistant to trypsin, trypsin was still required for viral entry, suggesting limitations on the exogenous entry factors that support bat sarbecoviruses. Electron microscopy revealed ACE2-independent sarbecoviruses have a prominent spike corona and share similar morphology to other coronaviruses. Our findings demonstrate a broader zoonotic threat posed by sarbecoviruses and shed light onto the intricacies of coronavirus isolation and propagation in vitro. SIGNIFICANCESeveral coronaviruses have transmitted from animals to people and 20 years of virus discovery studies have uncovered thousands of new coronavirus sequences in nature. Most of the animal-derived sarbecoviruses have never been isolated in culture due to cell incompatibilities and a poor understanding of the in vitro requirements for their propagation. Here, we built on our growing body of work characterizing viral entry mechanisms of bat sarbecoviruses in human cells and have developed a virus isolation protocol that allows for exploration of these understudied viruses. Our protocol is robust and practical, leading to successful isolation of more sarbecoviruses than previous approaches and from field samples that had been collected over a 10-year longitudinal study.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Centrifuge+: improving metagenomic analysis upon Centrifuge

SummaryAccurate abundance estimation of species is essential for metagenomic analysis. Although many methods have been developed for classification of metagenomic data and abundance estimation of species, the abundance estimation of species remains challenging due to the ambiguous reads that align equally well to more than one genome. Here, we present Centrifuge+, which introduces unique mapping rate to describe the influence of similarities among species in the reference database when analyzing ambiguous reads. In contrast to the popular Centrifuge, Centrifuge+ improved the accuracy of abundance estimation on simulated reads from 4278 complete prokaryotic genomes. Availability and implementationThe source code is available at https://github.com/mNGSmethods/Centrifugep. Contacth.guo@foxmail.com or jlsljf0101@126.com Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2023

Depletion-assisted multiplexing cell-free RNA sequencing reveals distinct human and microbial signatures in plasma versus extracellular vesicle

Cell-free long RNAs in human plasma and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown promise as biomarkers in liquid biopsy, despite their fragmented nature. To investigate these fragmented cell-free RNAs (cfRNAs), we developed a cost-effective cfRNA sequencing method called DETECTOR-seq (depletion-assisted multiplexed cell-free total RNA sequencing). DETECTOR-seq utilized a meticulously tailored set of customized guide RNAs to remove large amounts of unwanted RNAs (i.e., fragmented ribosomal and mitochondrial RNAs) in human plasma. Early barcoding strategy was implemented to reduce costs and minimize plasma requirements. Using DETECTOR-seq, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of cell-free transcriptomes in both whole human plasma and EVs. Our analysis revealed discernible distributions of RNA types in plasma and EVs. Plasma exhibited pronounced enrichment in structured circular RNAs, tRNAs, Y RNAs, and viral RNAs, while EVs showed enrichment in mRNAs and srpRNAs. Functional pathway analysis highlighted RNA splicing-related ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) and antimicrobial humoral response genes in plasma, while EVs demonstrated enrichment in transcriptional activity, cell migration, and antigen receptor-mediated immune signals. Our study indicates the comparable potential of cfRNAs from whole plasma and EVs in distinguishing cancer patients (i.e., colorectal and lung cancer) from healthy donors. And microbial cfRNAs in plasma showed potential in classifying specific cancer types. Our comprehensive analysis of total and EV cfRNAs in paired plasma samples provides valuable insights for determining the need for EV purification in cfRNA-based studies. We envision the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of DETECTOR-seq will empower transcriptome-wide investigations in the fields of extracellular vesicles and liquid biopsy.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Sampling strategies and integrated reconstruction for reducing distortion and boundary slice aliasing in high-resolution 3D diffusion MRI

PurposeTo develop a new method for high-fidelity, high-resolution 3D multi-slab diffusion MRI with minimal distortion and boundary slice aliasing. MethodsOur method modifies 3D multi-slab imaging to integrate blip-reversed acquisitions for distortion correction and oversampling in the slice direction (kz) for reducing boundary slice aliasing. Our aim is to achieve robust acceleration to keep the scan time the same as conventional 3D multi-slab acquisitions, in which data are acquired with a single direction of blip traversal and without kz-oversampling. We employ a two-stage reconstruction. In the first stage, the blip-up/down images are respectively reconstructed and analyzed to produce a field map for each diffusion direction. In the second stage, the blip-reversed data and the field map are incorporated into a joint reconstruction to produce images that are corrected for distortion and boundary slice aliasing. ResultsWe conducted experiments at 7T in six healthy subjects. Stage 1 reconstruction produces images from highly under-sampled data (R=7.2) with sufficient quality to provide accurate field map estimation. Stage 2 joint reconstruction substantially reduces distortion artifacts with comparable quality to fully-sampled blip-reversed results (2.4x scan time). Whole-brain in-vivo results acquired at 1.05mm isotropic resolution demonstrate improved anatomical fidelity compared to conventional 3D multi-slab imaging. Data demonstrate good reliability and reproducibility of the proposed method over multiple subjects. ConclusionThe proposed acquisition and reconstruction framework provide major reductions in distortion and boundary slice aliasing for 3D multi-slab diffusion MRI without increasing the scan time. This method has the potential to provide high-quality, high-resolution diffusion MRI.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Cooperative hydrodynamics accompany multicellular-like colonial organization in the unicellular ciliate Stentor

Evolution of multicellularity from early unicellular ancestors is arguably one of the most important transitions since the origin of life1,2. Multicellularity is often associated with higher nutrient uptake3, better defense against predation, cell specialization and better division of labor4. While many single-celled organisms exhibit both solitary and colonial existence3,5,6, the organizing principles governing the transition and the benefits endowed are less clear. Using the suspension-feeding unicellular protist Stentor coeruleus, we show that hydrodynamic coupling between proximal neighbors results in faster feeding flows that depend on the separation between individuals. Moreover, we find that the accrued benefits in feeding current enhancement are typically asymmetric- individuals with slower solitary currents gain more from partnering than those with faster currents. We find that colony-formation is ephemeral in Stentor and individuals in colonies are highly dynamic unlike other colony-forming organisms like Volvox carteri 3. Our results demonstrate benefits endowed by the colonial organization in a simple unicellular organism and can potentially provide fundamental insights into the selective forces favoring early evolution of multicellular organization.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Functionally dissecting claustrum along anterior-posterior axis in anxiety and higher sensitivity to cocaine

Adolescent cocaine exposure (ACE) induce anxiety and higher sensitivity to drug addiction during adulthood. Here, we show that the claustrum is crucial for control of these two distinct psychiatric disorders in ACE mice. In the process of anxiety test, the CaMKII-positive neurons in median portion of claustrum (MClaustrum) were obviously triggered, and chemogenetic suppressing these neurons efficiently reduced ACE-induced anxiety in adulthood. While, the CaMKII-positive neurons in anterior portion of claustrum (AClaustrum) were obviously activated in response to cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), and chemogenetic suppressing these neurons efficiently blocked cocaine CPP in ACE mice during adulthood. Our findings dissociating specific sub-portions of claustrum for drug-related anxiety and susceptibility of addiction, extending our understanding to diverse functions of claustrum subregions.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Large-scale analysis of the N-terminal regulatory elements of the kinase domain in plant receptor-like kinase family

The N-terminal regulatory element of the kinase domain (NRE), which includes juxtamembrane segment (JM) of Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and the N-terminal extension segment of the kinase domain in RLCKs, is the key component that regulates the activities of RLKs and RLCKs. However, their feature and functions remain largely unexplored. Herein, we perform a systematic analysis of 510,233 NRE sequences in RLKs and RLCKs from 528 plants by integrating information theory and genome-wide analysis to unravel their common characteristics and diversity. Recombinant RLKs are used to explore the structural-functional relationship of the newly-discovered motifs in vitro. Most NRE segments are around 40-80 amino acids, featuring a serine-rich region and a 14-amino-acid motif FSYEELEKATBNFS which harbors a characteristic -helix connecting to the core kinase domain. This -helix suppresses FERONIAs kinase activity. Motif discovery algorithm has identified 29 motifs with known phosphorylation sites highly conserved in RLK and RLCK classes, especially the motif VGPWKpTGLpSGQLQKAFVTGVP in LRR-VI-2 class. The NRE phosphorylation of an LRR-VI-2 member MDIS1 modulates the auto-phosphorylation of its co-receptor MIK1, indicating NREs potential role as a "kinase switch" in RLK activation. Consequently, the characterization of phosphorylatable NRE motifs improves the accuracy in predicting phosphorylatable serines. Altogether, our study provides an enriched and comprehensive dataset to investigate NRE segments from individual RLKs and helps understand the underlying mechanism of action of the RLK signal transduction and kinase activation processes in plant adaptation.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Monitoring the intestinal magnetic field with optically pumped atomic magnetometers

Research has shown the potential of magnetoenterography (MENG) for detecting intestinal diseases noninvasively by superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Nevertheless, these devices need to operate under a cytogenetic environment maintained by liquid helium. In this paper, we record the intestinal magnetic field of a rabbit with optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) at room temperature. It demonstrates that the OPM-based system has sufficient sensitivity to measure the intestinal magnetic fields of the rabbit, and can be potentially developed into a cost-effective and flexible MENG system.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2022

A tRNA Modification-based strategy for Identifying amiNo acid Overproducers (AMINO)

Amino acids have a multi-billion-dollar market with rising demand, prompting the development of high-performance microbial factories. However, a general screening strategy applicable to all proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids is still lacking. Modification of the critical structure of tRNA could decrease the aminoacylation level of tRNA catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Involved in a two-substrate sequential reaction, amino acids with increased concentration could elevate the reduced aminoacylation rate caused by specific tRNA modification. Here, we developed a selection system for overproducers of specific amino acids using corresponding engineered tRNAs and reporter genes. As a proof-of-concept, overproducers of five amino acids such as L-tryptophan were screened out by growth-based and/or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based screening from random mutation libraries of Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum, respectively. This study provided a universal strategy that could be applied to screen overproducers of proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids in amber-stop-codon-recoded or non-recoded hosts.

synthetic biology↗

bioRxiv2022

A Novel Gene REPTOR2 Activates the Autophagic Degradation of Wing Disc in pea aphid

Wing dimorphism is an evolutionarily adaptive trait to maximize insect fitness under various environments, by which the population could be balanced between migration and reproduction. Most studies concern the regulatory mechanisms underlying the stimulation of wing morph in aphids, but relatively little research addresses the molecular basis of wing loss. Here, we found that the wing disc of wingless-destined pea aphids degenerated 30 h post birth by autophagic rather than apoptotic degeneration, whereas winged-destined aphids developed normally. Activation of autophagy in 1st instar nymphs reduced the proportion of winged aphids, and suppression of autophagy increased the proportion. The REPTOR2 gene associated with TOR signaling pathway was identified by RNA-seq as a differentially expressed gene between the two morphs, with higher expression in the thorax of wingless-destined aphids. Further genetic analysis indicated that REPTOR2 could be a novel gene derived from a gene duplication event exclusively in pea aphid on autosome A1 but translocated to the sex chromosome. Knockdown of REPTOR2 reduced autophagy in the wing disc and increased the proportion of winged aphids. In agreement with REPTORs canonical negative regulatory role of TOR on autophagy, winged-destined aphids had higher TOR expression in the wing disc. Suppression of TOR activated autophagy of the wing disc and decreased the proportion of winged aphids, and vice versa. These results revealed that the TOR signaling pathway controlled degradation of the wing disc in pea aphids, and that REPTOR2 could modulate this autophagic degradation.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Dear-DIAXMBD: deep autoencoder for data-independent acquisition proteomics

Data-independent acquisition (DIA) technology for protein identification from mass spectrometry and related algorithms is developing rapidly. The spectrum-centric analysis of DIA data without the use of spectra library from data-dependent acquisition (DDA) data represents a promising direction. In this paper, we proposed an untargeted analysis method, Dear-DIAXMBD, for direct analysis of DIA data. Dear-DIAXMBD first integrates the deep variational autoencoder and triplet loss to learn the representations of the extracted fragment ion chromatograms, then uses the k-means clustering algorithm to aggregate fragments with similar representations into the same classes, and finally establishes the inverted index tables to determine the precursors of fragment clusters between precursors and peptides, and between fragments and peptides. We show that Dear-DIAXMBD performs superiorly with the highly complicated DIA data of different species obtained by different instrument platforms. Dear-DIAXMBD is publicly available at https://github.com/jianweishuai/Dear-DIA-XMBD.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2022

A Small Subset of Cytosolic dsRNAs Must Be Edited by ADAR1 to Evade MDA5-Mediated Autoimmunity

The innate immune system detects viral infection via pattern recognition receptors and induces defense reactions such as production of type I interferon1. One such receptor, MDA5, is activated upon the recognition of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) that are often produced during viral replication2. Endogenous dsRNAs evade MDA5 activation through RNA editing by ADAR1, thus preventing autoimmunity3-5. Among the large number of endogenous dsRNAs, the key substrates whose editing is critical to evade MDA5 activation (termed as immunogenic dsRNAs) remain elusive. Here we reveal the identity of human immunogenic dsRNAs, a surprisingly small fraction of all cellular dsRNAs, to fill the gap in the ADAR1-dsRNA-MDA5 axis. We found that, in contrast to previous findings6,7, the immunogenic dsRNAs were highly enriched in mRNAs and depleted of introns, an expected indication of bona fide substrates of cytosolic MDA5. The immunogenic dsRNAs, in contrast to non-immunogenic dsRNAs, tended to have shorter loop between the stems, which may facilitate dsRNA formation. They also tended to be enriched at the GWAS signals of common inflammatory diseases, implying that they are truly immunogenic. We validated the MDA5-dependent immunogenicity of the dsRNAs, which was dampened following ADAR1-mediated RNA editing. We anticipate that a focused analysis of immunogenic dsRNAs will greatly facilitate the understanding and treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases in which the important roles of dsRNA editing and sensing continue to be revealed8-13.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2022

Role of mPFC DUSP1 in regulating the sensitivity to cocaine in adolescent cocaine-exposed mice of adulthood

Adolescent cocaine abuse increases the risk for developing addiction in later life, which remains a big public health concern, but the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, adolescent cocaine-exposed (ACE) male mice models were established by administrating cocaine during adolescent period. When growing to adult age, mice were subjected to conditioned place preference (CPP) to evaluate the sensitivity to cocaine, then potential molecule of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) were screened out by transcriptomic sequencing. Subthreshold dose of cocaine (sdC), that is insufficient to produce CPP, was used to induce CPP in adulthood. The sdC treatment effectively induced CPP in ACE mice during adulthood, accompanied with the more triggered CaMKII-positive neurons, and induced higher Dusp1 gene, lower DUSP1 protein, lower DUSP1 activity and lower DUSP1 expression on CaMKII-positive neurons (DUSP1CaMKII) in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Overexpressing DUSP1CaMKII suppressed CaMKII-positive neuronal activation, and ultimately blocked sdC-induced CPP in ACE mice during adulthood. While, knocking-down DUSP1CaMKII activated more CaMKII-positive neurons, and aggravated sdC-preferred behavior in ACE mice during adulthood. ERK1/2 might be potential subsequent signal for DUSP1 in the process. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism underlying adolescent drug abuse-induced susceptibility to addiction during adulthood, and mPFC DUSP1CaMKII is a promising pharmacological target to predict or treat addiction, especially caused by adolescent substance use. SummaryAdolescent cocaine exposure causes higher cocaine-preferred behaviors during adulthood, along with evoked mPFC activity in response to cocaine challenge. Locally overexpressing but not knocking-down the dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) on CaMKII-positive neurons (DUSP1CaMKII) suppresses mPFC activation, and ultimately rescues the higher sensitivity to cocaine during adulthood.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

β1-adrenergic receptor on pyramidal neurons of mPFC regulates METH-preferred behaviors in METH-sired male mice

Paternal abuse of drugs, such as methamphetamine (METH), elevates the risk of developing addiction in subsequent generations, however, its underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. Male adult mice (F0) were exposed to METH for 30 days, followed by mating with naive female mice to create the first-generation mice (F1). When growing to adulthood, F1 were subjected to conditioned place preference (CPP) test. Subthreshold dose of METH, insufficient to induce CPP normally, were used in F1 (METHF1). Selective antagonist (betaxolol) for {beta}1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) or its knocking-down virus were administrated into mPFC to regulate ADRB1 function and expression on CaMKII-positive neurons. METH-sired male F1 acquired METHF1-induced CPP, indicating that paternal METH exposure induce higher sensitivity to METH in male F1. Compared with saline (SAL)-sired male F1, CaMKII-positive neuronal activity was normal without METHF1, but strongly evoked after METHF1 treatment in METH-sired male F1 during adulthood. METH-sired male F1 had higher ADRB1 levels without METHF1, which was kept at higher levels after METHF1 treatment in mPFC. Either inhibiting ADRB1 function with betaxolol, or knocking-down ADRB1 level on CaMKII-positive neurons (ADRB1CaMKII) with virus transfection efficiently suppressed METHF1-evoked mPFC acyivation, and ultimately blocked METHF1-induced CPP in METH-sired male F1. In the process, the p-ERK1/2 and {Delta}FosB may be potential subsequent signals of mPFC ADRB1CaMKII. The mPFC ADRB1CaMKII mediates paternal METH exposure-induced higher sensitivity to drug addiction in male offspring, raising a promising pharmacological target for predicting or treating transgenerational addiction. HIGHLIGHTSO_LIPaternal methamphetamine (METH) exposure induces higher sensitivity to METH in male F1 during adulthood, accompanied with higher ADRB1 level in mPFC. C_LIO_LIMETH use in F1 (METHF1) evokes more CaMKII-positive neurons in mPFC of METH-sired than saline-sired male F1. C_LIO_LIInhibiting ADRB1 function or knocking-down ADRB1 level on CaMKII-positive neurons (ADRB1CaMKII) efficiently suppresses METHF1-evoked mPFC activation, and ultimately rescues transgenerational susceptibility to addiction in male F1. C_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

The effector recognition by synthetic sensor NLR receptors requires the concerted action of multiple interfaces within and outside the integrated domain

Plant sensor nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors detect pathogen effectors through their integrated domains (IDs). The RGA5 sensor NLR recognizes its corresponding effectors AVR-Pia and AVR1-CO39 from the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae through direct binding to its heavy metal-associated (HMA) ID to trigger the RGA4 helper NLR-dependent resistance in rice. Here we report a mutant of RGA5 named RGA5HMA5 that confers complete resistance in transgenic rice plants to the M. oryzae strains expressing the noncorresponding effector AVR-PikD. RGA5HMA5 carries three engineered interfaces, two of which lie in the HMA ID and the other in the C-terminal Lys-rich stretch tailing the ID. However, the RGA5 variants having one or two of the three interfaces, including replacing all the Lys residues with Glu residues in the Lys-rich stretch, failed to activate RGA4-dependent cell death of rice protoplasts. Altogether, this work demonstrates that sensor NLRs require a concerted action of multiple surfaces within and outside the IDs to both recognize noncorresponding effectors and activate helper NLR-mediated resistance, and has implications in structure-guided designing of sensor NLRs.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Cryo-EM complex structure of active GPR75 with a nanobody

Although there has been enormous progress in the last half-century in the drug discovery targeting obesity and associated co-morbidities, the clinical treatment of obesity remains tremendously challenging. GPR75 is an orphan receptor and is suggested to be a potential novel target for the control of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Inhibition of the GPR75 signaling pathway by small molecules, antibodies, or genetic manipulations may provide a therapeutic strategy for obesity. Here, we report the active-like Cryo-EM structure of human GPR75 with an intracellular nanobody, which reveals the receptor activation mechanism. The extensive interaction network required to achieve the active structure helps explain the allosteric coupling between the orthosteric pocket and the G-protein coupling domain. The well-defined orthosteric ligand binding pocket of human GPR75 provides a structural basis for anti-obesity drug discovery.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Decoding the underlying neural activity of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimers Disease (AD) is the most prevalent chronic neurodegenerative disease, affecting more than 55 million people worldwide. AD is clinically characterized by a progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions, which implicate the cholinergic system. Activity-induced neuroprotection based on gamma oscillation-audiovisual stimuli-is shown to be possible. Bulk RNA-seq data from treatment involving sensory stimuli were obtained, and bioinformatics analyses were performed. Activity-induced neuroprotection was found to be strongly associated with the downregulation of synaptic calcium signaling and cholinergic transmission. Candidate genes were screened in consultation with the Allen Brain Atlas Transcriptomics Explorer. We propose that Chrnb4 and Plcb4 are potential therapeutic targets for AD treatment. Chrnb4 has already been identified as a potential immune-relevant drug target gene using ontology inference, network analysis, and methylation signal, while multiple studies suggest that primary phospholipase C proteins play an integral role in inducing cell death in AD. Hence, both Chrnb4 and Plcb4 should be considered for future in vitro and in vivo studies as candidate genes.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

A maximum-type microbial differential abundance test with application to high-dimensional microbiome data analyses

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWO_ST_ABSBackgroundC_ST_ABSHigh-throughput metagenomic sequencing technologies have shown prominent advantages over traditional pathogen detection methods, bringing great potential in clinical pathogen diagnosis and treatment of infection diseases. Yet, how to accurately detect the difference of microbiome profiles between treatment or disease conditions remains computationally challenging. ResultsIn this study, we propose a novel test for identifying the difference between two high-dimensional microbiome abundance data matrices based on the centred log-ratio transformation of the microbiome compositions. The test p-value can be calculated directly with a closed-form solution from the derived asymptotic null distribution. We also investigate the asymptotic statistical power against sparse alternatives which are typically encountered in microbiome studies. The proposed Maximum-type test is Equal-Covariance-Assumption-Free (MECAF), making it widely applicable to studies that compare microbiome compositions between conditions. Our simulation studies demonstrated that the proposed MECAF test achieves desirable power than competing methods while having the type I error rate well controlled under various scenarios. The usefulness of the proposed test is further illustrated with two real microbiome data analyses. The source code of the proposed method is freely available at https://github.com/JiyuanHu. ConclusionsMECAF is a flexible differential abundance test and achieves statistical efficiency in analyzing high-throughput microbiome data. The proposed new method will allow us to efficiently discover shifts of microbiome abundances between disease and treatment conditions, broadening our understanding of the disease and ultimately improving clinical diagnosis and treatment.

bioinformatics↗