Biology subjects

Gulland, F. M. D.

Publications and source records attributed to Gulland, F. M. D..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Effects of satellite-linked telemetry tags on humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine: photographic assessment of tag sites

Hundreds of large whales have been tracked using consolidated (Type-C) satellite tags, yet there have been few studies on their impacts on whale health. In 2011, we initiated the first study designed to evaluate the effects of these tags in a baleen whale. Between 2011 and 2018, we tagged 79 North Atlantic humpback whales in the Gulf of Maine. We initially deployed commonly-used tags with an articulation between the anchor and transmitter (n=35, 2011-2012). However, evidence of breakage prompted the development and use of more robust, integrated tags (n=45). Tagged individuals were photographed immediately prior to, during and up to 11 years after tagging. They were re-encountered on an average of 41.3 days (SD=44.3), yielding 2,971 photographed sightings through 2022. An objective scoring system was developed to characterise tag site tissue responses based on photographs and to identify risk factors for prolonged healing. The initial tissue response to tagging was minimal, followed by skin loss around the tag, sometimes a degree of swelling, occasional extrusion of blubber, changes in skin colour, local depression formation, tag loss and skin healing over the tag site, sometimes with a depression remaining. At last sighting, most non-integrated and integrated tag sites exhibited small shallow skin depressions (58.8% and 66.7%, respectively). Some exhibited deeper depressions with differing adjacent skin coloration (26.5% and 15.6%, respectively) or barely detectable marks (11.8% and 15.6%, respectively). Mild swellings occasionally persisted at the tag site, but this was uncommon for both tag designs (2.9% and 2.2%, respectively). More severe tissue responses were associated with non-integrated tags and placements lower on the body. This study highlights the importance of using robust tag designs to minimise negative effects from Type-C tags. Furthermore, because tag placement was shown to affect outcome, precision equipment, experienced taggers and vessel operators are critical for optimal deployments.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2023

The Symptomatology and Diagnosis of Domoic Acid Toxicosis in Stranded California Sea Lions (Zalophus californianus): A Review and Evaluation of 20 Years of Cases to Guide Prognosis

Domoic acid (DA) is a glutaminergic excitatory neurotoxin that causes morbidity and mortality of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus; CSL) and other marine mammals due to a suite of effects mostly on the nervous and cardiac systems. Between 1998 and 2019, 11,737 live-stranded CSL were admitted to The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC; Sausalito, CA, USA), over 2,000 of which were intoxicated by DA. A plethora of clinical research has been performed over the past 20 years to characterize the range of toxic effects of DA exposure on CSLs, generating the largest dataset on the effects of natural exposure to this toxin in wildlife. Here we review published methods for diagnosing DA intoxication, clinical presentation and treatment of DA-intoxicated CSL, and present a practical, reproducible scoring system called the neuroscore (NS) to help assess whether a DA-affected CSL is fit for release to the wild following rehabilitation. The largest proportion of DA-intoxicated CSL were adult females (58.6%). The proportions of acute and chronic cases were 63.5% and 36.5%, respectively, with 44% of affected CSL released and 56% either dying naturally or euthanized. The average time in rehabilitation was 15.9 days (range 0-169) for all outcomes. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between outcome (released vs. euthanized or died) and multiple variables to predict the outcome for a subset of 92 stranded CSLs. The best performing model (85% prediction accuracy; area under the curve = 0.90) consisted of four variables: final NS, change in NS over time, whether the animal began eating in rehabilitation, and the state of nutrition on admission. These results suggest that a behavioral scoring system is a useful tool to assess the fitness for release of stranded DA-intoxicated CSL.

zoology↗

bioRxiv2020

Reference genome and demographic history of the most endangered marine mammal, the vaquita

The vaquita is the most critically endangered marine mammal, with fewer than 19 remaining in the wild. First described in 1958, the vaquita has been in rapid decline resulting from inadvertent deaths due to the increasing use of large-mesh gillnets for more than 20 years. To understand the evolutionary and demographic history of the vaquita, we used combined long-read sequencing and long-range scaffolding methods with long- and short-read RNA sequencing to generate a near error-free annotated reference genome assembly from cell lines derived from a female individual. The genome assembly consists of 99.92% of the assembled sequence contained in 21 nearly gapless chromosome-length autosome scaffolds and the X-chromosome scaffold, with a scaffold N50 of 115 Mb. Genome-wide heterozygosity is the lowest (0.01%) of any mammalian species analyzed to date, but heterozygosity is evenly distributed across the chromosomes, consistent with long-term small population size at genetic equilibrium, rather than low diversity resulting from a recent population bottleneck or inbreeding. Historical demography of the vaquita indicates long-term population stability at less than 5000 (Ne) for over 200,000 years. Together, these analyses indicate that the vaquita genome has had ample opportunity to purge highly deleterious alleles and potentially maintain diversity necessary for population health.

genomics↗