Biology subjects

Guan, D.

Publications and source records attributed to Guan, D..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

LiverHomo: An Integrated and Interactive Human Liver Single-Cell Atlas with Protein Interaction and Cell-Cell Communication Networks

LiverHomo is an integrated cell atlas developed from publicly available human liver single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets spanning healthy and diverse liver disease contexts. While several single-cell resources for the human liver are available, LiverHomo provides broad disease coverage and extends transcriptomic exploration through the integration of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and cell-cell interactions. LiverHomo provides an interactive web portal (https://liverhomo.org) for exploring cellular composition, gene expression, differentially expressed genes, Gene Ontology annotations, cell-cell interactions, and context-specific PPI networks across diseases and cell types. To facilitate intuitive access to these multidimensional data, the portal incorporates Ask LiverHomo, a natural-language assistant that interprets user queries and directs users to relevant analyses and visualizations. Interactive histograms, violin plots, network visualizations, and metadata exploration enable users to examine the atlas at cellular, transcriptomic, and protein-interaction levels, while the underlying data are readily accessible for further analysis. Together, LiverHomo provides an integrated and accessible resource for investigating cellular and molecular alterations across human liver health and disease.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2026

A multi-tissue epigenomic atlas links the sheep non-coding genome to domestication and complex traits

Non-coding regulatory variation drives complex traits, domestication, and evolutionary adaptation, yet the sheep genome lacks high-resolution functional annotation. Here we present SheepEpimap, a multi-tissue regulatory atlas harmonizing 516 CUT&Tag histone modifications, ATAC-seq, and RNA-seq datasets across 43 adult tissues in sheep. We annotated 2.93 million cis-regulatory elements, yielding 557,441 enhancer-gene pairs and 145,407 variants with allele-specific effects. By training a sequence-to-function deep-learning model, we decoded the base-pair syntax of chromatin accessibility, annotated transcription factor motif instances genome-wide, and constructed 12,210 tissue-specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Integrating this resource with multi-tissue expression quantitative trait loci, selection sweeps, and genome-wide association studies prioritized non-coding variants driving domestication and complex traits. Finally, cross-species analysis revealed that sequence-conserved, tissue-matched enhancers were significantly enriched in the heritability of complex traits and diseases in humans. In summary, SheepEpimap (https://genome.ucsc.edu/s/mengzhu/SheepEpimap) provides an open-access foundational ecosystem for sheep functional genomics, precision breeding, and comparative biology.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2026

A longevity-associated ubiquitin E3 ligase UBE3C governs lamin B1 homeostasis through selective autophagy and delay senescence

Nuclear lamina integrity is fundamental to cellular homeostasis across the lifespan 1, and its progressive deterioration is closely linked to human aging 2. Yet, the regulatory mechanism that govern this decline and how they might be counteracted in long-lived individuals remain poorly defined. Here, by combining whole-exome sequencing of Ashkenazi Jewish centenarians with GTEx transcriptomes, we identify ubiquitin E3 ligase UBE3C strongly associated with exceptional longevity and progressively declines with age across human tissues. UBE3C knockdown triggers premature senescence and destabilizes key nuclear lamina components Lamin B1 (LMNB1) and Lamin B receptor (LBR), while the longevity-associated UBE3C variant delays senescence and preserves LMNB1/LBR expression. Mechanistically, UBE3C interacts directly with LMNB1/LBR and modulates their abundance via selective autophagy. Notably, we uncover the ER- resident autophagy trigger CKAP4 3 bridges UBE3C and LMNB1. UBE3C loss enhances LMNB1-CKAP4 binding, linking nuclear lamina turnover to autophagy. Together, our findings establish UBE3C as a central guardian of nuclear lamina maintenance during senescence and offering novel insights into interventions against age-related nuclear lamina deterioration.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Identification of functional non-coding variants affecting Alzheimer's disease risk by Massively Parallel Reporter Assay

The majority of genetic risk variants for late-onset Alzheimers disease (LOAD) reside within non-coding genomic regions, suggesting they exert pathogenic effects by disrupting transcriptional regulatory programs. To systematically identify functional variants, we performed an unbiased, high-throughput Massively Parallel Reporter Assay (MPRA) in the THP-1 human monocytic cell line, screening 2,231 SNPs across 24 LOAD GWAS loci. We identified 62 variants exhibiting significant allele-specific transcriptional regulatory output, including rs636317 in the MS4A locus. The risk allele of rs636317 disrupts a CTCF binding motif, altering fine-scale chromatin looping. To validate these findings, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 to generate an allele-specific deletion of the rs636317 T allele in H9 human embryonic stem cells. Monocytes differentiated from these edited cells displayed increased expression of MS4A4E, MS4A6A, and TREM2, along with highly elevated levels of soluble TREM2 (sTREM2). These results provide a mechanistic link between a non-coding genetic variant, transcriptional regulation of the MS4A family, and TREM2-mediated immune responses in Alzheimers disease pathogenesis.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2025

Rare longevity-associated variants, including a reduced-function mutation in cGAS, identified in multigenerational long-lived families

Life expectancy has steadily increased in the last two centuries, while healthspan has been lagging behind. Survival into extreme ages strongly clusters within families which often exhibit a delayed onset of (multi)morbidity, yet the underlying protective genetic mechanisms are still largely undefined. We performed affected sib-pair linkage analysis in 212 sibships enriched for ancestral longevity and identified four genomic regions (LODmax [≥]3.0) at 1q21.1, 6p24.3, 6q14.3, and 19p13.3. Within these regions, we prioritized 12 rare protein-altering variants in seven candidate genes (NUP210L, SLC27A3, CD1A, CGAS, IBTK, RARS2, and SH2D3A) located in longevity-associated loci. Notably, a missense variant in CGAS (rs200818241), was present in two sibships. Using human- and mouse-based cell models, we showed that rs200818241 reduced protein stability and attenuated activation of the canonical cGAS-STING pathway in a cell-type specific manner. This dampened signalling mitigated inflammation and delayed cellular senescence, mechanisms that may contribute to the survival advantage of CGAS variant carriers. Our findings indicate novel rare variants and candidate genes linked to familial longevity and highlight the cGAS-STING pathway as a potential contributor to the protective mechanisms underlying human longevity.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2025

A multi-tissue atlas of genetic regulatory effects in sheep

Characterizing the impact of genomic variants on genome function and ultimately complex traits in livestock is essential for the development of sustainable precision agriculture and comparative genomics. Here, as part of the Farm animal Genotype-Tissue Expression (FarmGTEx) project, we present the pilot phase of the SheepGTEx resource through analyzing 6,761 RNA-sequencing samples of 51 primary tissues in a multi-breed population of sheep. We identify millions of regulatory variants associated with seven types of molecular phenotypes, and fine-map 322,468 primary and 114,017 non-primary effects, revealing a high degree of regulatory allelic heterogeneity. We systematically characterize the pleiotropic effects of these variants on molecular phenotypes, assess their context-specific regulatory patterns across tissues, breeds, sexes, and developmental stages, as well as explore their evolutionary constraints across mammals. Finally, we demonstrate the substantial potential of the SheepGTEx resource (https://sheepgtex.farmgtex.org), by providing examples of regulatory mechanisms underpinning 34 complex traits, population divergence between European and Asian breeds, and adaptive evolution in sheep over the past ten millennia.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Dietary methionine restriction primes T cell metabolism for activation and tumor inhibition and enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade

The proliferation of many cancer cells is methionine dependent and dietary methionine restriction (MR) has shown anti-tumor effects in a wide variety of immunodeficiency preclinical models. Yet, whether MR exerts an anti-tumor effect in the presence of an immune-competent background remains inconclusive. Accumulating evidence has shown an essential role of methionine in immune cell differentiation and function. Thus, competition for methionine between tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may drive tumor growth and tumor response to therapy. Here, we aim to define the impact of MR on tumor growth and associated immunity. We first assessed the effect of MR in a series of immunocompetent mouse models of melanoma, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and lung. MR led to a broad tumor inhibition effect across these models and such tumor inhibition was not sex-or genetic background-dependent but appears to be fully or partially immune-dependent. Through flow cytometry analysis, we found a consistent increase in intratumoral activated CD8+ T cells across different tumor models and depletion of CD8+ T cells partially or completely reversed MR-induced tumor inhibition in a model dependent manner. Interestingly in young healthy non-tumor-bearing mice, MR increased spleen CD3+ and CD8+ T cell populations. Metabolomics and RNAseq analysis of spleen-derived CD8+ T cells revealed significant increase in purine metabolism and amino acid metabolism and that are in line with the metabolic feature of activated T cells. Furthermore, MR improved the efficacy of anti-PD1 immune checkpoint blockade. Together, MR primes T cell metabolism for its anti-tumor effect and improves the efficacy of anti-PD1 checkpoint blockade.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

An integrated multi-tissue atlas of epigenomic landscapes and regulatory elements in the bovine genome

Deciphering the regulatory syntax of the genome is essential to understand the genetic and molecular architecture of complex traits, as most trait-associated variants lie in non-coding regions. Yet, functional annotation of the bovine genome remains limited, hindering our ability to unravel the mechanisms underpinning complex traits of economic and ecological importance in cattle. Here, we present a comprehensive epigenetic atlas comprising 1,138 genome-wide epigenetic profiles, including chromatin accessibility, six histone modifications, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) transcription factor binding, DNA methylation, chromatin conformation, and transcriptomes across 53 adult tissues, five fetal tissues, and seven primary cell types. This atlas-level data enables us to annotate around 45% of the genome as putative regulatory elements exhibiting tissue- or cell-specific regulatory activity. Leveraging sequence-to-function deep learning models, we discovered 301 sequence motifs and predicted the functional impact of genetic variants through in silico mutagenesis, thereby facilitating the decoding of the regulatory syntax of the cattle genome and fine-mapping of GWAS loci for 22 complex traits. Cross-species analysis further revealed evolutionarily conserved features of regulatory architecture and provided evolutionary insights into complex traits and diseases in humans. Together, this atlas offers a foundational resource for advancing cattle functional genomics, sustainable breeding, and studies of regulatory evolution.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

The potential of 4-Methylumbelliferone to be repurposed for treating liver fibrosis

4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) is the active component of hymecromone, a choleretic and antispasmodic drug with an excellent safety profile. In rodent studies, high doses of 4-MU are also used to inhibit the production of hyaluronan (HA), a biomarker of liver fibrosis. Further, 4-MU shows excellent efficacy in inhibiting liver fibrosis of different etiologies in animal studies, eliciting interest in its repurposing for this condition. However, 4-MUs mechanism of action, and whether it inhibits liver fibrosis by impeding HA synthesis, remains unclear. Using several transgenic mouse models with HA overproduction or degradation in different types of liver cells, we found that both directions of perturbation reduced liver fibrosis levels. In addition, degrading HA via hyaluronidase PH20 overexpression impaired liver function manifested by increased serum aminotransferase (ALT) activity levels. These findings challenge both the role of HA modulation in 4-MUs action and the strategy of targeting HA to treat liver fibrosis. Additional mouse models also excluded the possibility that 4-MU modulates intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) to inhibit liver fibrosis. Ablation of gut microbiota partially abolishes 4-MUs anti-liver fibrosis effect. However, the anti-liver fibrosis effect of 4-MU was lost in the lower-dose group, and the high doses effect in reducing ALT disappeared over time despite its liver fibrosis-reducing effect. Based on these findings, we argue that the lack of efficacy of 4-MU at a translatable dose and lack of a clear mechanism that allows further improvement of 4-MUs efficacy make 4-MU impractical for development as an anti-liver fibrosis treatment. HighlightsO_LI4-MU inhibits MASH fibrosis. C_LIO_LIBoth HA overproduction and digestion in the liver reduce liver fibrosis. C_LIO_LIIntestinal epithelial cell FXR is not required for 4-MU to reduce liver fibrosis. C_LIO_LIThe gut microbiota is partially responsible for 4-MUs antifibrotic effect in the liver. C_LIO_LI4-MU lacks the potential to be further developed into anti-liver fibrosis treatment. C_LI

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Embryonic Durotaxis: A Mechanical Framework for Understanding Cesarean Scar Pregnancy

Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is an increasingly common complication associated with the rise in cesarean section rates, yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified a stiffness gradient between healthy and scarred uterine tissues in both human cesarean samples and mouse uterine scar models. By employing gradient stiffness hydrogels, we demonstrated that mouse embryos and human trophoblast spheroids exhibit durotaxis, migrating preferentially toward stiffer areas. This migration occurs through three-dimensional complex behaviors--translation, swinging, and rolling--characterized by periodic patterns that align with cavity oscillations. Embryonic durotaxis is initiated from asymmetric adhesion forces and is driven by embryonic protrusive forces, generated from Marangoni-like tissue flows. The intrinsic cavity oscillations further amplify and sustain embryonic durotaxis. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of embryonic durotaxis significantly reduced CSP incidence in the mouse model. Our findings establish the concept of embryonic durotaxis, which may provide novel therapeutic avenues for CSP prevention.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Multi-omics delineate growth factor network underlying exercise effects in an Alzheimer's mouse model

Physical exercise represents a primary defense against age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers disease (AD). To impartially investigate the underlying mechanisms, we conducted single-nucleus transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility analyses (snRNA-seq and ATAC-seq) on the hippocampus of mice carrying AD-linked NL-G-F mutations in the amyloid precursor protein gene (APPNL-G-F) following prolonged voluntary wheel-running exercise. Our study reveals that exercise mitigates amyloid-induced changes in both transcriptomic expression and chromatin accessibility through cell type-specific transcriptional regulatory networks. These networks converge on the activation of growth factor signaling pathways, particularly the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin signaling, correlating with an increased proportion of immature dentate granule cells and oligodendrocytes. Notably, the beneficial effects of exercise on neurocognitive functions can be blocked by pharmacological inhibition of EGFR and the downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K). Furthermore, exercise leads to elevated levels of heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) in the blood, and intranasal administration of HB-EGF enhances memory function in sedentary APPNL-G-F mice. These findings offer a panoramic delineation of cell type-specific hippocampal transcriptional networks activated by exercise and suggest EGF-related growth factor signaling as a druggable contributor to exercise-induced memory enhancement, thereby suggesting therapeutic avenues for combatting AD-related cognitive decline.

animal behavior and cognition↗

bioRxiv2024

Reversal of Obesity by Enhancing Slow-wave Sleep via a Prokineticin Receptor Neural Circuit

Obese subjects often exhibit hypersomnia accompanied by severe sleep fragmentation, while emerging evidence suggests that poor sleep quality promotes overeating and exacerbates diet-induced obesity (DIO). However, the neural circuit and signaling mechanism underlying the reciprocal control of appetite and sleep is yet not elucidated. Here, we report a neural circuit where prokineticin receptor 2 (PROKR2)-expressing neurons within the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) of the brainstem received direct projections from neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 (NPY2R)-expressing neurons within the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the hypothalamus. The RNA-Seq results revealed Prokr2 in the PBN is the most regulated GPCR signaling gene that is responsible for comorbidity of obesity and sleep dysfunction. Furthermore, those NPY2RLPO neurons are minimally active during NREM sleep and maximally active during wakefulness and REM sleep. Activation of the NPY2RLPO[->]PBN circuit or the postsynaptic PROKR2PBN neurons suppressed feeding of a high-fat diet and abrogated morbid sleep patterns in DIO mice. Further studies showed that genetic ablation of the PROKR2 signaling within PROKR2PBN neurons alleviated the hyperphagia and weight gain, and restored sleep dysfunction in DIO mice. We further discovered pterostilbene, a plant-derived stilbenoid, is a powerful anti-obesity and sleep-improving agent, robustly suppressed hyperphagia and promoted reconstruction of a healthier sleep architecture, thereby leading to significant weight loss. Collectively, our results unveil a neural mechanism for the reciprocal control of appetite and sleep, through which pterostilbene, along with a class of similarly structured compounds, may be developed as effective therapeutics for tackling obesity and sleep disorders.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2023

Enriched atlas of lncRNA and protein-coding genes for the GRCg7b chicken assembly and its functional annotation across 47 tissues.

Gene atlases for livestock are steadily improving thanks to new genome assemblies and new expression data improving the gene annotation. However, gene content varies across databases due to differences in RNA sequencing data and bioinformatics pipelines, especially for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which have higher tissue and developmental specificity and are harder to consistently identify compared to protein coding genes (PCGs). As done previously in 2020 for chicken assemblies galgal5 and GRCg6a, we provide a new gene atlas, lncRNA-enriched, for the latest GRCg7b chicken assembly, integrating "NCBI RefSeq", "EMBL-EBI Ensembl/GENCODE" reference annotations and other resources such as FAANG and NONCODE. As a result, the number of PCGs increases from 18,022 (RefSeq) and 17,007 (Ensembl) to 24,102, and that of lncRNAs from 5,789 (RefSeq) and 11,944 (Ensembl) to 44,428. Using 1,400 public RNA-seq transcriptome representing 47 tissues, we provided expression evidence for 35,257 (79%) lncRNAs and 22,468 (93%) PCGs, supporting the relevance of this atlas. Further characterization including tissue-specificity, sex-differential expression and gene configurations are provided. We also identifiend conserved miRNA-hosting genes with human counterparts, suggesting common function. The annotated atlas is available at www.fragencode.org/lnchickenatlas.html.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

The ChickenGTEx pilot analysis: a reference of regulatory variants across 28 chicken tissues

Chicken is a valuable model for understanding fundamental biology, vertebrate evolution and diseases, as well as a major source of nutrient-dense and lean-protein-enriched food globally. Although it is the first non-mammalian amniote genome to be sequenced, the chicken genome still lacks a systematic characterization of functional impacts of genetic variants. Here, through integrating 7,015 RNA-Seq and 2,869 whole-genome sequence data, the Chicken Genotype- Tissue Expression (ChickenGTEx) project presents the pilot reference of regulatory variants in 28 chicken tissue transcriptomes, including millions of regulatory effects on primary expression (including protein-coding genes, lncRNA and exon) and post-transcriptional modifications (alternative splicing and 3 untranslated region alternative polyadenylation). We explored the tissue-sharing and context-specificity of these regulatory variants, their underlying molecular mechanisms of action, and their utility in interpreting adaptation and genome-wide associations of 108 chicken complex traits. Finally, we illustrated shared and lineage-specific features of gene regulation between chickens and mammals, and demonstrated how the ChickenGTEx resource can further assist with translating genetic findings across species. One-Sentence SummaryThe ChickenGTEx provides a multi-tissue reference of regulatory variants for chicken genetics and genomics, functional genomics, precision breeding, veterinary medicine, vertebrate evolution and even human biomedicine.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2023

Longevity-associated SMAD3 non-coding centenarian variant impairs a cell-type specific enhancer to reduce inflammation

Given the pro and anti-geronic roles of the TGF-{beta} superfamily in aging, we hypothesized that human longevity involves genetic variation in TGF-{beta} signaling genes. Here we utilized a candidate functional genomic approach to identify and characterize functional variants in TGF- {beta} signaling associated with human longevity. Targeted sequencing of 113 genes involved in aging- associated TGF- {beta} signaling in an Ashkenazi Jewish centenarian cohort identified genetic variants robustly associated with human longevity. In particular, a centenarian-enriched intronic variant residing in a cell-type specific enhancer in SMAD3, a critical receptor-regulated TGF- {beta} signal transducer, was identified. This non-coding SMAD3 variant (rs8040709) altered binding of ELK1, a member of the ETS family of transcription factor important for enhancer activity in certain cell types, resulting in reduced SMAD3 expression. Analysis of the variant in cell types derived from gene edited iPSCs demonstrated the variant reduced SMAD3 expression, senescence and inflammation in endothelial cells. In addition, heterozygosity in SMAD3 improved healthspan and reduced senescence in the Ercc1-/{Delta} progeroid mouse model of accelerated aging. Taken together, these experiments demonstrate that variants in a cell type specific enhancer of SMAD3 resulted in reduced expression, senescence and inflammation and contributes to human longevity. Thus, SMAD3 represents a validated targeted for drug development for extending human healthspan.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2023

Learning functional conservation between pig and human to decipher evolutionary mechanisms underlying gene expression and complex trait

The assessment of genomic conservation between human and pig at the functional level can help understand and improve the potential of pig as a human biomedical model. To address this, we developed a Deep learning-based approach to learn the Genomic Conservation at the Functional level (DeepGCF) between species by integrating 386 and 374 epigenome and transcriptome profiles from human and pig, respectively. DeepGCF demonstrated a better prediction performance compared to the previous functional conservation prediction method. In addition, we showed that the resulting DeepGCF score captures the functional conservation by examining DeepGCF on chromatin states, sequence ontologies, and regulatory variants. Regions with higher DeepGCF score play a more important role in regulatory activities and show heritability enrichment in human complex traits and diseases. Our DeepGCF approach shows a promising application on the comparison of cross-species functional conservation, and the model framework can be easily adapted to other species. By expanding the model to integrate the functional profiles of multiple species, including human, mouse, pig, cattle, and other livestock animals in the future, the functional conservation information will provide additional insight into the genetic and evolutionary mechanisms behind complex traits and diseases.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2022

A compendium of genetic regulatory effects across pig tissues

The Farm animal Genotype-Tissue Expression (FarmGTEx, https://www.farmgtex.org/) project has been established to develop a comprehensive public resource of genetic regulatory variants in domestic animal species, which is essential for linking genetic polymorphisms to variation in phenotypes, helping fundamental biology discovery and exploitation in animal breeding and human biomedicine. Here we present results from the pilot phase of PigGTEx (http://piggtex.farmgtex.org/), where we processed 9,530 RNA-sequencing and 1,602 whole-genome sequencing samples from pigs. We build a pig genotype imputation panel, characterize the transcriptional landscape across over 100 tissues, and associate millions of genetic variants with five types of transcriptomic phenotypes in 34 tissues. We study interactions between genotype and breed/cell type, evaluate tissue specificity of regulatory effects, and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of their action using multi-omics data. Leveraging this resource, we decipher regulatory mechanisms underlying about 80% of the genetic associations for 207 pig complex phenotypes, and demonstrate the similarity of pigs to humans in gene expression and the genetic regulation behind complex phenotypes, corroborating the importance of pigs as a human biomedical model.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2022

A comprehensive prediction of transcript isoforms in 19 chicken tissues by Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing

To comprehensively identify and annotate transcript isoforms in the chicken genome, we generated Nanopore long-read sequencing data from a diverse set of 19 chicken tissues comprising 68 samples collected from experimental line 6 x line 7 F1 adult males and females. More than 23.8 million reads with mean read length of 790 bases and average quality of 18.2 were generated. The annotation and subsequent filtering resulted in identification of 55,382 transcripts with mean length of 1,700 bases at 40,547 loci, representing [~]1.4 transcripts per locus. Among them, we predicted 30,967 potential coding transcripts at 19,461 loci and 16,495 potential lncRNA transcripts at 15,512 loci. Compared to reference annotations, we found 52% of annotated transcripts could partially to fully match while 47% were novel and potentially transcribed from lncRNA loci. Based on our annotation, we quantified transcript expression across tissues and found brain tissues (i.e. cerebellum, cortex) expressed highest number of transcripts and loci. The further tissue specificity revealed that [~]22% of the transcripts displaying tissue specificity. Of them, the reproductive tissues (i.e. testis, ovary) contained the most tissue-specific transcripts. Despite sequencing 68 transcriptomes derived from 19 tissues, still [~]20% of Ensembl reference loci were not detected. This suggests that including additional samples from different cell types, developmental and physiological conditions, is needed to fully annotate the chicken genome. The application of Nanopore sequencing transcriptomes in this study demonstrated the usefulness of long-read data in discovering additional novel loci (e.g., lncRNA loci) and resolving complex transcripts (e.g., the longest transcript for the TTN locus).

genomics↗