Biology subjects

Greisman, J. B.

Publications and source records attributed to Greisman, J. B..

8 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Symmetry Breaking under Vectorial Perturbations in Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography

Proteins are molecular machines whose dynamics govern their function. Using time-resolved crystallography, the basis of protein mechanics can be uncovered by physical perturbation on protein crystals. Perturbations are often vector fields that, in crystals, break symmetry. Lacking existing tools for analyzing symmetry breaking, we built open-source software to do so. We applied this method to three time-resolved crystallography experiments and analyzed the effect of vectorial perturbations on macromolecular crystal structure. We demonstrate that our method can handle symmetry reduction in all 65 Sohncke space groups.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Sensitive Detection of Structural Differences using a Statistical Framework for Comparative Crystallography

Chemical and conformational changes underlie the functional cycles of proteins. Comparative crystallography can reveal these changes over time, over ligands, and over chemical and physical perturbations in atomic detail. A key difficulty, however, is that the resulting observations must be placed on the same scale by correcting for experimental factors. We recently introduced a Bayesian framework for correcting (scaling) X-ray diffraction data by combining deep learning with statistical priors informed by crystallographic theory. To scale comparative crystallography data, we here combine this framework with a multivariate statistical theory of comparative crystallography. By doing so, we find strong improvements in the detection of protein dynamics, element-specific anomalous signal, and the binding of drug fragments.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Laue-DIALS: open-source software for polychromatic X-ray diffraction data

Most X-ray sources are inherently polychromatic. Polychromatic ("pink") X-rays provide an efficient way to conduct diffraction experiments as many more photons can be used and large regions of reciprocal space can be probed without sample rotation during exposure--ideal conditions for time-resolved applications. Analysis of such data is complicated, however, causing most X-ray facilities to discard >99% of X-ray photons to obtain monochromatic data. Key challenges in analyzing polychromatic diffraction data include lattice searching, indexing and wavelength assignment, correction of measured intensities for wavelength-dependent effects, and deconvolution of harmonics. We recently described an algorithm, Careless, that can perform harmonic deconvolution and correct measured intensities for variation in wavelength when presented with integrated diffraction intensities and assigned wavelengths. Here, we present Laue-DIALS, an open-source software pipeline that indexes and integrates polychromatic diffraction data. Laue-DIALS is based on the dxtbx toolbox, which supports the DIALS software commonly used to process monochromatic data. As such, Laue-DIALS provides many of the same advantages: an open-source, modular, and extensible architecture, providing a robust basis for future development. We present benchmark results showing that Laue-DIALS, together with Careless, provides a suitable approach to the analysis of polychromatic diffraction data, including for time-resolved applications.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Resolving conformational changes that mediate a two-step catalytic mechanism in a model enzyme

Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions through precise positioning of substrates, cofactors, and amino acids to modulate the transition-state free energy. However, the role of conformational dynamics remains poorly understood due to lack of experimental access. This shortcoming is evident with E. coli dihydro-folate reductase (DHFR), a model system for the role of protein dynamics in catalysis, for which it is unknown how the enzyme regulates the different active site environments required to facilitate proton and hydride transfer. Here, we present ligand-, temperature-, and electric-field-based perturbations during X-ray diffraction experiments that enable identification of coupled conformational changes in DHFR. We identify a global hinge motion and local networks of structural rearrangements that are engaged by substrate protonation to regulate solvent access and promote efficient catalysis. The resulting mechanism shows that DHFRs two-step catalytic mechanism is guided by a dynamic free energy landscape responsive to the state of the substrate.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2023

A conserved local structural motif controls the kinetics of PTP1B catalysis

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of the insulin and leptin signaling pathways, making it a highly attractive target for the treatment of type II diabetes. For PTP1B to perform its enzymatic function, a loop referred to as the "WPD loop" must transition between open (catalytically incompetent) and closed (catalytically competent) conformations, which have both been resolved by X-ray crystallography. Although prior studies have established this transition as the rate-limiting step for catalysis, the transition mechanism for PTP1B and other PTPs has been unclear. Here we present an atomically detailed model of WPD-loop transitions in PTP1B based on unbiased, long-timescale molecular dynamics simulations and weighted ensemble simulations. We found that a specific WPD-loop region-- the PDFG motif--acted as the key conformational switch, with structural changes to the motif being necessary and sufficient for transitions between long-lived open and closed states of the loop. Simulations starting from the closed state repeatedly visited open states of the loop that quickly closed again unless the infrequent conformational switching of the motif stabilized the open state. The functional role of the PDFG motif is supported by the fact that it (or the similar PDHG motif) is conserved across all PTPs. Bioinformatic analysis shows that the PDFG motif is also conserved, and adopts two distinct conformations, in deiminases, and the related DFG motif is known to function as a conformational switch in many kinases, suggesting that PDFG-like motifs may control transitions between structurally distinct, long-lived conformational states in multiple protein families.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2022

Discovery and validation of the binding poses of allosteric fragment hits to PTP1b: From molecular dynamics simulations to X-ray crystallography

Fragment-based drug discovery has led to six approved drugs, but the small size of the chemical fragments used in such methods typically results in only weak interactions between the fragment and its target molecule, which makes it challenging to experimentally determine the three-dimensional poses fragments assume in the bound state. One computational approach that could help address this difficulty is long-timescale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, which has been used in retrospective studies to recover experimentally known binding poses of fragments. Here, we present the results of long-timescale MD simulations that we used to prospectively discover binding poses for two series of fragments in allosteric pockets on a difficult and important pharmaceutical target, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1b (PTP1b). Our simulations reversibly sampled the fragment association and dissociation process. One of the binding pockets found in the simulations has not to our knowledge been previously observed with a bound fragment, and the other pocket adopted a very rare conformation. We subsequently obtained high-resolution crystal structures of members of each fragment series bound to PTP1b, and the experimentally observed poses confirmed the simulation results. To the best of our knowledge, our findings provide the first demonstration that MD simulations can be used prospectively to determine fragment binding poses to previously unidentified pockets.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

Native SAD Phasing at Room Temperature

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWSingle-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) is a routine method for overcoming the phase problem when solving a new macromolecular structure. This technique requires the accurate measurement of intensities to sensitively determine differences across Bijvoet pairs, making it a stringent test for the reliability of a data collection method. Although SAD experiments are commonly conducted at cryogenic temperatures to mitigate the effects of radiation damage, such temperatures can alter the conformational ensemble of the protein crystal and may impede the merging of data from multiple crystals due to non-uniform freezing. Here, we propose a data collection strategy to obtain high-quality data from room temperature samples. To illustrate the strengths of this approach we use native SAD phasing at 6.5 keV to solve four structures of three model systems at 295 K. The resulting datasets allow for automatic phasing and model building, and exhibit alternate conformations that are well-supported by the electron density. The high-redundancy data collection method demonstrated here enables the routine collection of high-quality, room-temperature diffraction to improve the study of protein conformational ensembles.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2021

Reciprocalspaceship: A Python Library for Crystallographic Data Analysis

AO_SCPLOWBSTRACTC_SCPLOWX-ray crystallography is an invaluable technique for studying the atomic structure of macromolecules. Much of crystallographys success is due to the software packages developed to enable the automated processing of diffraction data. However, the analysis of unconventional diffraction experiments can still pose significant challenges--many existing programs are closed-source, sparsely documented, or are challenging to integrate with modern libraries for scientific computing and machine learning. Here we describe reciprocalspaceship, a Python library for exploring reciprocal space. It provides a tabular representation for reflection data from diffraction experiments that extends the widely-used pandas library with built-in methods for handling space group, unit cell, and symmetry-based operations. As we illustrate, this library facilitates new modes of exploratory data analysis while supporting the prototyping, development, and release of new methods.

biophysics↗