Biology subjects

Gkeka, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Gkeka, A..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

An octadecameric O-glucosyltransferase generates diversity in antibody epitopes on variant surface antigens in African trypanosomes

Immune evasion in many pathogens relies on sequence variation to generate antigenic diversity. African trypanosomes use an additional strategy where O-glucosylation of variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) alters antibody epitopes and influences infection outcome, but the responsible enzyme remained elusive. Here, we show that an expression-site-associated gene (ESAG3), which is co-transcribed with the active VSG, encodes an O-glucosyltransferase required for VSG3 O-glycosylation in vivo. ESAG3 depletion abolishes VSG3 O-glycosylation and recognition of live trypanosomes by an O-glycan-dependent monoclonal antibody, while complementation restores both. ESAG3 has strict UDP-glucose donor specificity and modifies serine/threonine residues within VSG3 peptides in vitro. Cryo-electron microscopy at 3.4 Angstrom resolution reveals that ESAG3 forms a homo-octadecameric ring with C3 symmetry, an architecture not previously observed among glycosyltransferases. Structure-guided mutagenesis shows that disruption of ESAG3 inter-subunit interfaces reduces higher-order assembly, enhances substrate conversion, and alters VSG glycoform composition. Furthermore, we show that VSG3 O-glycan occupancy correlates with susceptibility to complement-mediated trypanolysis in an antibody-dependent manner, establishing that ESAG3-mediated O-glucosylation shapes both antibody specificity and the functional outcome of the host response.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

A Structural Classification of the Variant Surface Glycoproteins of the African Trypanosome

Long-term immune evasion by the African trypanosome is achieved through repetitive cycles of surface protein replacement with antigenically distinct versions of the dense Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat. Thousands of VSG genes and pseudo-genes exist in the parasite genome that, together with genetic recombination mechanisms, allow for essentially unlimited immune escape from the hosts adaptive immune system. The diversity space of the "VSGnome" at the protein level was thought to be limited to a few related folds whose structures were determined more than 30 years ago. However, recent progress has shown that the VSGs possess significantly more architectural variation than had been appreciated. Here we combine experimental X-ray crystallography with deep-learning structural prediction using Alphafold to produce models of hundreds of VSG proteins. We classify the VSGnome into groups based on protein architecture and oligomerization state, contextualize recent bioinformatics clustering schemes, and extensively map VSG-diversity space. We demonstrate that in addition to the structural variability and post-translational modifications observed thus far, VSGs are also characterized by variations in oligomerization state and possess inherent flexibility and alternative conformations, lending additional variability to what is exposed to the immune system. Finally, these additional experimental structures and the hundreds of Alphafold predictions confirm that the molecular surfaces of the VSGs remain distinct from variant to variant, supporting the hypothesis that protein surface diversity is central to the process of antigenic variation used by this organism during infection.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Immunodominant surface epitopes power immune evasion in the African trypanosome

The African trypanosome survives the immune response of its mammalian host by antigenic variation of its major surface antigen (the Variable Surface Glycoprotein, or VSG). Here we describe the antibody repertoires elicited by different VSGs. We show that the repertoires are highly restricted, and are directed predominantly to distinct epitopes on the surface of the VSGs. They are also highly discriminatory: minor alterations within these exposed epitopes confer antigenically-distinct properties to these VSGs and elicit different repertoires. We propose that the patterned and repetitive nature of the VSG coat focuses host immunity to a restricted set of immunodominant epitopes per VSG, eliciting a highly stereotyped response, minimizing cross reactivity between different VSGs and facilitating prolonged immune evasion through epitope variation.

immunology↗