Sexual signaling and the persistence of alternative reproductive tactics: a test of game theoretic predictions
In many species, males produce signals to attract females. However, in some species and populations, only some males produce these signals with other males competing for and intercepting reproductive opportunities. In these systems, at least three tactics are expected: always signal, signal only when others are not (assessors), and never signal. The expected representation of these tactics within a population is frequently unknown in part because the costs of signaling (C) and the fitness value of a single reproductive bout (V) are difficult to quantify. Using a game-theoretic model, we predicted that the always signal strategy should only be present in a population if the fitness value of calling is greater than twice the cost (2C < V). We found that always signal males are apparently absent in decorated crickets (Gryllodes sigillatus), at least in our sampling of a laboratory housed population. Moreover, males were not strict assessors and instead signaled infrequently (30% of the time) when signaling by others was constant. Males also exhibited substantial among-individual variation in the propensity to call when other males were not signaling ({tau} = 0.3). Our results indicate a high relative cost of signaling (2C > V). The presence of among-individual variation in propensity to call is also suggestive of underlying genetic variation and a mixed evolutionary stable strategy. More generally, the apparent high cost of signaling and presence of variation in calling propensity suggests that reduced-cost strategies should spread quickly in populations.