Biology subjects

Gallacher, J. E. J.

Publications and source records attributed to Gallacher, J. E. J..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2021

The long arm of childhood socioeconomic deprivation on mid- to later-life cognitive trajectories : A cross-cohort analysis

INTRODUCTIONEarlier studies of the effects of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) on later life cognitive function consistently report a social gradient in later life cognitive function. Evidence for their effects on cognitive decline is, however, less clear. METHODSThe sample consists of 5,324 participants in the Whitehall II Study, 8,572 in the Health and Retirement Study, and 1,413 in the Kame Project, who completed self-report questionnaires on their early-life experiences and underwent repeated cognitive assessments. We characterised cognitive trajectories using latent class mixed models, and explored associations between childhood SES and latent class membership using logistic regressions. RESULTSWe identified distinct trajectories classes for all cognitive measures examined. Childhood socioeconomic deprivation was associated with an increased likelihood of being in a lower trajectory class. DISCUSSIONOur findings support the notions that cognitive ageing is a heterogeneous process and early-life circumstances may have lasting effects on cognition across the life-course. Research in contextO_LISystematic review: We reviewed the literature on childhood socioeconomic status (SES) as a predictor for cognitive decline in mid- to later-life using PubMed. Studies generally reported lower childhood SES is associated with poorer baseline cognition, but not a faster rate of decline. These studies generally focused on the mean rate of decline in the population; no study to date has explored associations between childhood SES and different cognitive trajectories. Relevant studies have been appropriately cited. C_LIO_LIInterpretation: Our findings suggest that cognitive trajectories differ between individuals and across cognitive domains. Individuals of lower childhood SES were more likely to be in a lower cognitive trajectory class, which may or may not involve more rapid decline. C_LIO_LIFuture directions: Future studies should include more cognitive outcomes and longer follow-ups, as well as investigate the impact of social mobility to further improve our understanding on how early-life circumstances influence cognitive decline. C_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Sex differences in interrelationships between arterial stiffness, carotid intima-media thickness, white matter hyperintensities, depression and cognition: A UK Biobank study

ObjectiveTo explore sex differences in the associations between arterial stiffness index, carotid intima-media thickness, white matter hyperintensities, depression and cognition.\n\nMethodsUK Biobank is a population-based cohort study of 502,664 healthy community dwelling adults aged 37-73 years. A select number of participants were recalled to participate in an online reassessment and imaging study, both of which included repeat cognitive assessments. A total of 7,394 volunteers aged 45-73 years (55% female) participated in the imaging visit and completed the self-report mental health questionnaire in the online follow-up were included in the analyses reported here. The main outcome measure of depression was measured using the PHQ-9 and cognition was assessed through measures of reaction time, verbal-numeric reasoning and visual memory. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was assessed non-invasively using finger photoplethysmography, carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) with automated ultrasound, and white matter hyperintensity volume with combined T1 and T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).\n\nResultsCross-sectionally, greater arterial stiffness was associated with greater depression in men but with better cognition in women. When white matter hyperintensities burden was added to the model, it mediated the relationships of carotid intima-media thickness with depression and cognition only in men.\n\nConclusionsWe report sex differences in brain microvascular changes, depression and cognition in ageing, and suggest that they may be partly explained by sex-specific effects of vascular ageing.\n\nSummary boxesSection 1: What is already known on this topic O_LIArterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness are two non-invasive vascular ageing markers that have been shown to be associated with depression, cognitive impairment and dementia.\nC_LIO_LISome studies report sex differences in arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness.\nC_LIO_LIThere is, however, a paucity of research on sex differences in the associations between these vascular ageing markers, white matter hyperintensities, depression and cognition.\nC_LI\n\nSection 2: What this study adds O_LICross-sectionally, greater arterial stiffness was associated with greater depression in men but with better cognition in women. When white matter hyperintensities burden was added to the model, it mediated the relationships of carotid intima-media thickness with depression and cognition only in men.\nC_LIO_LIOur findings add to the existing evidence base of sex differences in brain microvascular changes, depression and cognition in ageing, and suggest that they may be partly explained by sex-specific effects of vascular ageing.\nC_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

A psychometric evaluation of the 12-item EPQ-R neuroticism scale in 384,183 UK Biobank participants using item response theory (IRT)

Neuroticism has been described as a broad and pervasive personality dimension or heterogeneous trait measuring components of mood instability, such as worry; anxiety; irritability; moodiness; self-consciousness and sadness. Consistent with depression and anxiety-related disorders, increased neuroticism places an individual vulnerable for other unipolar and bipolar mood disorders and therefore highly relevant in epidemiologic research. However, the measurement of neuroticism remains a challenge. We aimed to adapt the 12-item Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Neuroticism (EPQ-RN) scale for use in epidemiologic studies by identifying psychometrically efficient items using item response theory. The 12-item EPQ-RN scale was evaluated by estimating an IRT model on data from 401,527 UK Biobank participants aged 39 to 73 years (M = 56.41 years; SD = 8.06), 53.68% female. The IRT model yielded two item characteristics: item discrimination, an indicator of how well an item differentiates between respondents, and item difficulty, an indicator of the amount of the latent construct (neuroticism) needed to endorse an item. The EPQ-RN exhibited psychometric inefficiency with poor discrimination at extremes of the scale range. High and low scores are relatively poorly represented and uninformative suggesting that high neuroticism scores derived from the scale are a function of cumulative mid-range values. Following systematic item deletion, a 3-item scale was found to have high levels of discrimination, but offered a narrow range of difficulty i.e. was not sensitive to low levels of neuroticism. A 7-item scale was found to be most informative; providing high levels of discrimination across the range of neuroticism scores.

neuroscience↗