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Galetti, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Galetti, M..

2 recordsLinked to original sources

Megafauna decline have reduced pathogen dispersal which may have increased emergent infectious diseases

The Late Quaternary extinctions of megafauna (defined as animal species >44.5 kg) reduced the dispersal of seeds and nutrients, and likely also microbes and parasites. Here we use body-mass based scaling and range maps for extinct and extant mammal species to show that these extinctions led to an almost seven-fold reduction in the movement of gut-transported microbes, such as Escherichia coli (3.3 km2/day to 0.5 km2/day). Similarly, the extinctions led to a seven-fold reduction in the mean home ranges of vector-borne pathogens (7.8 km2 to 1.1 km2). To understand the impact of this, we created an individual-based model where an order of magnitude decrease in home range increased maximum aggregated microbial mutations 4-fold after 20,000 years. We hypothesize that pathogen speciation and hence endemism increased with isolation, as global dispersal distances decreased through a mechanism similar to the theory of island biogeography. To investigate if such an effect could be found, we analysed where 145 zoonotic diseases have emerged in human populations and found quantitative estimates of reduced dispersal of ectoparasites and fecal pathogens significantly improved our ability to predict the locations of outbreaks (increasing variance explained by 8%). There are limitations to this analysis which we discuss in detail, but if further studies support these results, they broadly suggest that reduced pathogen dispersal following megafauna extinctions may have increased the emergence of zoonotic pathogens moving into human populations.

ecology

Seed-dispersal networks lose complexity in tropical forest fragments

Seed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing habitat loss, defaunation and fragmentation. However, generalist species, and their interactions, can benefit from the habitat change caused by human disturbance while more specialized interactions mostly disappear. Therefore changes in the structure of the local, within fragment, networks can be expected. Here we investigated how the structure of seed-dispersal networks changes along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation. We analysed 16 bird seed-dispersal assemblages from forest fragments of a biodiversity-rich ecosystem. We found significant species-, interaction- and network-area relationships, yet the later was determined by the number of species remaining in each community. The number of frugivorous bird and plant species, their interactions, and the number of links per species decreases as area is lost in the fragmented landscape. In contrast, network nestedness has a negative relationship with fragment area, suggesting an increasing generalization of the network structure in the gradient of fragmentation. Network specialization was not significantly affected by area, indicating that some network properties may be invariant to disturbance. Still, the local extinction of partner species, paralleled by a loss of interactions and specialist-specialist bird-plant seed dispersal associations suggests the functional homogenization of the system as area is lost. Our study provides empirical evidence for network-area relationships driven by the presence/absence of remnant species and the interactions they perform.\n\nRESUMOInteracoes de dispersao de sementes formam um processo ecologico chave em florestas tropicais onde colaboram na manutencao do funcionamento do ecossistema. Porem, esta funcionalidade pode estar ameacada pelo aumento na perda e fragmentacao do habitat. Enquanto especies generalistas e suas interacoes podem se beneficiar da mudanca de habitat causada por disturbios antropicos, interacoes envolvendo especies mais especialistas sao, na maioria, eliminadas. Desta forma, mudancas nas redes locais, dentro de fragmentos florestais, sao esperadas. Neste trabalho nos investigamos como a estrutura de redes de dispersao de sementes mudam em um gradiente de fragmentacao do habitat. Nos analisamos 16 comunidades de dispersao de sementes espacialmente explicitas e distribuidas em fragmentos florestais de um ecossistema rico em biodiversidade. Nos encontramos relacoes significativas entre a area do fragmento e especies, interacoes e estrutura das redes, sendo que o ultimo foi determinado pelo numero de especies remanescentes em cada comunidade. O numero de especies de aves frugivoras e plantas e as interacoes entre eles, bem como o numero de links por especie diminuiram significativamente conforme a area dos fragmentos e perdida. Por outro lado, o aninhamento da rede mostrou uma relacao negativa com a area do fragmento, sugerindo um aumento da generalizacao da estrutura das redes com a fragmentacao do habitat. No entanto, o grau de especializacao das redes nao foi afetado pela area, indicando que algumas propriedades de rede podem ser resistentes a perturbacao. Sendo assim, a extincao local de especies parceiras, conjuntamente com a perda das interacoes e associacoes planta-dispersor mais especializadas, sugere uma homogeneizacao do sistema conforme a area do fragmento e perdida. Nosso estudo fornece evidencias empiricas para as relacoes rede-area, sendo estas direcionadas pela presenca e/ou ausencia das especies remanescentes bem como das interacoes que estas realizam.

ecology