TALEN-induced contraction of CTG trinucleotide repeats in myotonic dystrophy type 1 cells
Trinucleotide repeat expansions are the cause of two dozen neurodegenerative and developmental disorders. One of these, myotonic dystrophy type 1 (Steinert disease, or DM1) is due to the expansion of a CTG triplet in the 3 UTR of the DMPK gene. We used highly specific DNA endonucleases to induce a double-strand break in the repeat tract to contract it below pathological length. Expression of a TALE Nuclease (TALEN) in human DM1 cells induced moderate CTG repeat contractions in 27% of the clones analyzed. These clones exhibited large internal deletions within the TALEN, occurring by homologous recombination between internal TALE repeats, inactivating the nuclease, and explaining its reduced efficacy. Taking advantage of the degeneracy of the genetic code, we recoded the TALEN sequence, to decrease internal redundancy and optimize codon usage. The new recoded TALEN showed increased efficacy in DM1 cells, with 68% of clones exhibiting a moderate to large contraction of the CTG repeat tract. In contrast, Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) was unable to contract the CTG repeat tract. In parallel, we completely sequenced to very high coverage the DM1 genome using the PacBio technology. Several clones in which the TALEN was induced were also totally sequenced. In some of them, length changes of other long CTG repeats were detected, possibly corresponding to off-target effects, all of them in introns or intergenic regions. Repeat contractions were never associated with recombination of flanking markers, suggesting that contractions most probably occur by an intra-allelic mechanism such as single-strand annealing. TALENs should now be considered as a promising gene therapy approach, not only for DM1 but also for many other microsatellite expansion disorders.