Genotype-by-diet interactions determine Black Soldier Fly life-history traits
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, is increasingly valued in applied entomology due to its remarkable capacity to upcycle organic waste and for high nutritional value of its larvae. As a result of global expansion and domestication, the species now displays substantial genetic diversity, yet performance differences between strains remain poorly documented. This study aimed to better understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype, as well as their interaction, to support the improvement of its domestication. Five distinct strains collected from the wild by artisanal farmers or obtained from industrial farms were genetically characterized using whole genome sequencing. These analyses revealed high genetic divergence based on mitochondrial genome and SNP nuclear genome phylogeny. To assess phenotypic performance, the strains were reared on three diets differing in nutritional value: poor (alfalfa meal), intermediate (wheat bran) and rich (chicken feed) and their growth rate was assessed. At harvest, we evaluated different life history traits including survival rate, average larval mass, feed conversion ratio, substrate reduction and bioconversion rate. Statistical analyses revealed strong effects of both diet and strain (p < 0.001), but the key result was the pronounced strain x diet interaction. Performance varied drastically depending on substrate quality: some strains showed high versatility across all diets, while others performed mainly on nutrient-rich substrates or excelled in substrate degradation. In contrast, other strains displayed more specialized profiles, with marked sensitivity to fibrous diets. These contrasted reaction norms highlight that diet performance cannot be interpreted independently of the strain genetics. Overall, these findings underscore the value of preserving diverse local genetic resources and the need for improved molecular tools to guide strain selection. ImplicationThis study shows that performance of the black soldier fly depends strongly on interactions between genetic background and diet, confirming the importance of genotype-environment relationships. While results are based on a limited number of strains and substrates, the consistent strain x diet interaction suggests broader relevance for rearing systems. These findings highlight the need to integrate genomic data into phenotypic assessments. Practically, they indicate that strain selection should be tailored to substrate type to optimize productivity and efficiency. This has direct economic benefits for insect farming and waste management industries because improved strain-diet matching can enhance organic waste bioconversion and support circular economy strategies. Overall, preserving genetic diversity and developing molecular tools for strain selection are key steps toward more sustainable and efficient insect production systems of this study have implications for the development and sustainable BSF systems production.