A PATHWAY FOR T3 SIGNALING IN THE BRAIN TO IMPROVE THE VARIABLE EFFECTIVENESS OF THERAPY WITH L-T4
The effectiveness of therapy for hypothyroidism with levothyroxine (L-T4) depends on patients ability to activate T4 to T3 --altered in carriers of a common deiodinase polymorphism (Thr92Ala-DIO2). Some patients that exhibit impaired mood and cognition improve with liothyronine (L-T3), but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show that the T3-indicator mouse carrying the Thr92Ala-DIO2 polymorphism exhibits a hippocampal-specific reduction in T3 activation and signaling that limits the effectiveness of L-T4 therapy. To understand the L-T3 effect, we used a compartmentalized microfluid device and identified a novel neuronal pathway of T3 transport and action that involves axonal T3 uptake into clathrin-dependent, endosomal/non-degradative lysosomes (NDLs). NDLs-containing T3 are retrogradely transported via microtubules, delivering relatively large amounts of T3 to the cell nucleus, doubling the expression of the T3-responsive reporter gene. The NDLs also contain the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (Mct8) and the type 3 deiodinase (Dio3), which transports and inactivates T3, respectively. Notwithstanding, T3 gets away from degradation because D3 active center is in the cytosol. These findings provide (i) a basis for the variable effectiveness of L-T4 therapy, (ii) a pathway for L-T3 to reach neurons, and (iii) resolve the paradox of T3 signaling in the brain amid high D3 activity.