High sensitivity imaging of intracellular Cl- reveals the spatiotemporal evolution of GABAergic chloride fluxes in vitro and in vivo
Fast GABAergic inhibition in the brain is mediated by chloride currents whose driving force depends on intracellular Chloride concentration ([Cl-]i). Resolving the spatiotemporal dynamics of [Cl-]i in neurons requires a sensor combining high Cl- affinity, pH independence, and photostability - properties no existing tool achieves simultaneously. Here we introduce iClima (improved Chloride Imaging), a ratiometric genetically encoded sensor with high Cl- affinity (Kd=3.5 mM at pH 7.2), pH-insensitive under physiological conditions, and markedly improved photostability compared to existing sensors. These properties enable dynamic Cl- imaging without simultaneous pH correction. We demonstrate that iClima resolves GABAA-driven Cl- transients in cultured neurons, detects discrete Cl- hotspots along dendrites, and captures sensory-evoked Cl- transients in vivo. Finally, exploiting the spectral compatibility of iClima with GCaMP6f, we measure in interleaved trials Cl- and Ca2+ transients in the same neurons in vivo, revealing a divergence between the somatic inhibitory drive and the neuronal excitation state as reported by Ca2+ dynamics.