Faramarzi, S. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2021

Strength-frequency curve for micromagnetic neurostimulation through EPSPs on rat hippocampal neurons and numerical modeling of magnetic microcoil (μcoil)

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to measure the effect of micromagnetic stimulation (MS) on hippocampal neurons, by using single microcoil (coil) prototype, Magnetic Pen (MagPen). MagPen will be used to stimulate the CA3 region magnetically and excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) response measurements will be made from the CA1 region. The threshold for micromagnetic neurostimulation as a function of stimulation frequency of the current driving the coil will be demonstrated. Finally, the optimal stimulation frequency of the current driving the coil to minimize power will be estimated. ApproachA biocompatible, watertight, non-corrosive prototype, MagPen was built, and customized such that it is easy to adjust the orientation of the coil and its distance over the hippocampal tissue in an in vitro recording setting. Finite element modeling (FEM) of the coil design was performed to estimate the spatial profiles of the magnetic flux density (in T) and the induced electric fields (in V/m). The induced electric field profiles generated at different values of current applied to the coil can elicit a neuron response, which was validated by numerical modeling. The modeling settings for the coil were replicated in experiments on rat hippocampal neurons. Main resultsThe preferred orientation of MagPen over the Schaffer Collateral fibers was demonstrated such that they elicit a neuron response. The recorded EPSPs from CA1 region due to MS at CA3 region were validated by applying tetrodotoxin (TTX). Application of TTX to the hippocampal slice blocked the EPSPs from MS while after prolonged TTX washout, a partial recovery of the EPSP from MS was observed. Finally, it was interpreted through numerical analysis that increasing frequency of the current driving the coil, led to a decrease in the current amplitude threshold for micromagnetic neurostimulation. SignificanceThis work reports that micromagnetic neurostimulation can be used to evoke population EPSP responses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. It demonstrates the strengthfrequency curve for MS and its unique features related to orientation dependence of the coils, spatial selectivity and stimulation threshold related to distance dependence. Finally, the challenges related to MS experiments were studied including ways to overcome them.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2021

An additional area of apple domestication with crop-wild gene flow, and also cultivation of the local wild apple, in the Caucasus

Anthropogenic and natural divergence processes remain poorly studied in crop-wild fruit tree complexes, especially in the Caucasus, a pivotal region for plant domestication. We investigated anthropogenic and natural divergence processes in apples in the Caucasus using 26 microsatellite markers amplified in 550 wild and cultivated samples. We found two genetically distinct cultivated populations in Iran that are differentiated from Malus domestica, the standard cultivated apple worldwide. Coalescent-based inferences showed that these two cultivated populations originated from specific domestication events of M. orientalis in Iran. One of the Iranian clusters comprised both cultivated and forest trees, suggesting that either farmers use local wild apple for cultivation or that some forest trees are feral cultivars. We found evidence of substantial wild-crop and crop-crop gene flow in the Caucasus, as has been described in apple in Europe. In the Caucasus, we identified seven genetically differentiated populations of wild apple (Malus orientalis). Niche modeling combined with genetic diversity estimates indicated that these populations likely resulted from range changes during past glaciations. This study identifies Iran as a key region in the domestication of apple and M. orientalis as an additional contributor to the cultivated apple gene pool. Domestication of the apple tree therefore involved multiple origins of domestication in different geographic locations and substantial crop-wild hybridization, as found in other fruit trees. This study also highlights the impact of climate change on the natural divergence of a wild fruit tree and provides a starting point for apple conservation and breeding programs in the Caucasus.

evolutionary biology↗