Biology subjects

Elphick, M. R.

Publications and source records attributed to Elphick, M. R..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Functional characterisation of neuropeptides that act as ligands for both calcitonin-type and pigment-dispersing factor-type receptors in a deuterostome

The calcitonin (CT) family of related peptides exerts diverse physiological effects in mammals via two G-protein coupled receptors: CTR and the CTR-like receptor CLR. Phylogenetic analysis of CT-type signaling has revealed the presence of CT-type peptides and CTR/CLR-type proteins in both deuterostome and protostome invertebrates. Furthermore, experimental studies have demonstrated that in the protostome Drosophila melanogaster the CT-like peptide DH31 can act as a ligand for a CTR/CLR-type receptor and a pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) receptor. Here we investigated the signaling mechanisms and functions of CT-type neuropeptides in a deuterostome invertebrate, the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (phylum Echinodermata). In A. japonicus, a single gene encodes two CT-type peptides (AjCT1 and AjCT2) and both peptides act as ligands for a CTR/CLR-type receptor (AjCTR) and two PDF-type receptors (AjPDFR1, AjPDFR2), but with differential activation of downstream cAMP/PKA, Gq/Ca2+/PKC and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. AjCT1/AjCT2-encoding transcripts were detected in the central nervous system and a variety of organ systems and neuropeptide expression was visualized immunohistochemically using an antiserum to a starfish CT-type peptide (ArCT). In vitro pharmacological experiments demonstrated that AjCT1 and/or AjCT2 cause dose-dependent relaxation of longitudinal muscle and intestine preparations. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacological experiments, combined with gain-and loss-of-function experiments, revealed a potential physiological role for AjCT2/AjPDFR2 signaling in promoting feeding and growth in A. japonicus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to obtain evidence that CT-type peptides can act as ligands for both CTR/CLR-type and PDF-type receptors in a deuterostome. Moreover, it provides the first evidence for appetite-stimulating and growth-promoting effects of CT-type neuropeptides in bilaterians. Given the economic importance of A. japonicus as a foodstuff, the discovery of CT-type peptides as potential regulators of feeding and growth in this species may offer novel strategies for aquaculture applications. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=128 SRC="FIGDIR/small/610391v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (42K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@663885org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@108bea3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11bd14dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@14a2008_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG A schematic showing proposed molecular mechanisms by which CT-type signaling regulates feeding and growth in A. japonicus. AjCT1 and AjCT2 are represented by purple and yellow circles, respectively. For cell signaling, black arrows indicate that this process is activated, whilst the pink arrow indicates that ERK1/2 is activated in the AjCT1/AjPDFR1, AjCT2/AjPDFR1 and AjCT2/AjPDFR2 signaling pathways.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2024

A feather star is born: embryonic development and nervous system organization in the crinoid Antedon mediterranea

BackgroundCrinoids belong to the phylum Echinodermata, marine invertebrates with a highly derived pentaradial body plan. As the only living members of the Pelmatozoa, the sister group to other extant echinoderms, crinoids are in a key phylogenetic position to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this phylum. However, the development of crinoids has been scarcely investigated, limiting their potential for comparative studies. Many crinoids are difficult to collect in the wild and embryo manipulation is challenging. Conversely, the Mediterranean feather star Antedon mediterranea can be found in shallow waters and has been used for experimental studies, most notably to investigate regeneration. ResultsThe aim here was to establish A. mediterranea as an experimental system for developmental biology. To accomplish this, we set up a method for culturing embryos in vitro from zygote to hatching larva stage that allowed us to define a developmental timeline and a standardized staging system for this species. We then optimized protocols to characterize the development of the main structures of the feather star body plan, using a combination of microscopy techniques and whole mount immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization chain reaction. Focusing on the nervous system, we show that the larval apical organ includes a combination of serotonergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons that form under the influence of a conserved anterior molecular signature. The larval neural plexus is instead composed of glutamatergic neurons and develops during the formation of the ciliary bands. Larval neurons disappear at metamorphosis, and the ectoneural and entoneural components of the adult nervous system develop early in post-metamorphic stages. Furthermore, the oral ectoderm that contains the ectoneural system acquires an "anterior" signature expressing Six3/6 and Lhx2/9 orthologs. ConclusionsOur results deepen our knowledge on crinoid development and provide new techniques to investigate feather star embryogenesis, promoting the use of A. mediterranea in developmental and evolutionary biology. This in turn will pave the way for the inclusion of crinoids in comparative studies to understand the origin of the echinoderm body plan and clarify many unanswered questions on deuterostome evolution.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2021

The development and neuronal complexity of bipinnaria larvae of the sea star Asterias rubens

Free-swimming planktonic larvae are a key stage in the development of many marine phyla, and studies of these organisms have contributed to our understanding of major genetic and evolutionary processes. Although transitory, these larvae often attain a remarkable degree of tissue complexity, with well-defined musculature and nervous systems. Amongst the best studied are larvae belonging to the phylum Echinodermata, but with work largely focused on the pleuteus larvae of sea urchins (class Echinoidea). The greatest diversity of larval strategies amongst echinoderms is found in the class Asteroidea (sea-stars), organisms that are rapidly emerging as experimental systems for genetic and developmental studies. However, the bipinnaria larvae of sea stars have only been studied in detail in a small number of species and the full complexity of the nervous system is, in particular, poorly understood. Here we have analysed embryonic development and bipinnaria larval anatomy in the common North Atlantic sea-star Asterias rubens, employing use of a variety of staining methods in combination with confocal microscopy. Importantly, the complexity of the nervous system of bipinnaria larvae was revealed in greater detail than ever before, with identification of at least three centres of neuronal complexity: the anterior apical organ, oral region and ciliary bands. Furthermore, the anatomy of the musculature and sites of cell division in bipinnaria larvae were analysed. Comparisons of developmental progression and molecular anatomy across the Echinodermata provided a basis for hypotheses on the shared evolutionary and developmental processes that have shaped this group of animals. We conclude that bipinnaria larvae appear to be remarkably conserved across ~200 million years of evolutionary time and may represent a strong evolutionary and/or developmental constraint for species utilizing this larval strategy.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Evolutionarily ancient role of cholecystokinin-type neuropeptide signalling as an inhibitory regulator of feeding-related processes revealed in an echinoderm

Cholecystokinin (CCK) / sulfakinin (SK)-type neuropeptides regulate feeding and digestion in chordates and protostomes (e.g. insects). Here we characterised CCK/SK-type signalling for the first time in a non-chordate deuterostome - the starfish Asterias rubens (phylum Echinodermata). In this species, two neuropeptides (ArCCK1, ArCCK2) derived from the precursor protein ArCCKP act as ligands for a CCK/SK-type receptor (ArCCKR) and are expressed in the nervous system, digestive system, tube feet and body wall. Furthermore, ArCCK1 and ArCCK2 cause dose-dependent contraction of cardiac stomach, tube foot and body wall apical muscle preparations in vitro and injection of these neuropeptides in vivo triggers cardiac stomach retraction and inhibition of the onset of feeding in A. rubens. Thus, an evolutionarily ancient role of CCK/SK-type neuropeptides as inhibitory regulators of feeding-related processes in the Bilateria has been conserved in the unusual and unique context of the extra-oral feeding behaviour and pentaradial body plan of an echinoderm.

physiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Urbilaterian origin and evolution of sNPF-type neuropeptide signalling

Physiology and behaviour are controlled by neuropeptide signalling systems comprising peptide ligands and cognate receptors. Molecular phylogenetics combined with experimental identification of neuropeptide-receptor pairs has revealed that many neuropeptide signalling systems originated in the urbilaterian common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes. Neuropeptide-Y/neuropeptide-F (NPY/NPF)-type signalling is one such example, whereas NPY/NPF-related short-NPF (sNPF)-type signalling has hitherto only been identified in protostomes. Here we report the discovery of a neuropeptide (pQDRSKAMQAERTGQLRRLNPRF-NH2) that is the ligand for an sNPF-type receptor in a deuterostome, the starfish Asterias rubens (Phylum Echinodermata). Informed by phylogenetic analysis of sequence data, we conclude that the paralogous NPY/NPF-type and sNPF-type signalling systems originated in Urbilateria but NPY/NPF-type signalling was lost in echinoderms. Furthermore, we present evidence that sNPF-type peptides are orthologs of vertebrate prolactin-releasing peptides. Our findings demonstrate the importance of experimental studies on echinoderms for reconstructing the evolutionary history of neuropeptide signalling systems.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2017

Developmental transcriptomics of the brittle star Amphiura filiformis reveals gene regulatory network rewiring in echinoderm larval skeleton evolution

Amongst the echinoderms the class Ophiuroidea is of particular interest for its phylogenetic position, ecological importance, developmental and regenerative biology. However, compared to other echinoderms, notably echinoids (sea urchins), relatively little is known about developmental changes in gene expression in ophiuroids. To address this issue we have generated and assembled a large RNAseq data set of four key stages of development in the brittle star Amphiura filiformis and a de novo reference transcriptome of comparable quality to that of a model echinoderm - the sea urchin Strongyloncentrotus purpuratus. Furthermore, we provide access to the new data via a web interface: http://www.echinonet.eu/shiny/Amphiura_filiformis/. With a focus on skeleton development, we have identified highly conserved genes associated with the development of a biomineralized skeleton. We also identify important class-specific characters, including the independent duplication of the msp130 class of genes in different echinoderm classes and the unique occurrence of spicule matrix (sm) genes in echinoids. Using a new quantification pipeline for our de novo transcriptome, validated with other methodologies, we find major differences between brittle stars and sea urchins in the temporal expression of many transcription factor genes. This divergence in developmental regulatory states is more evident in early stages of development when cell specification begins, than when cells initiate differentiation. Our findings indicate that there has been a high degree of gene regulatory network rewiring in the evolution of echinoderm larval development.\n\nData DepositionsAll sequence reads are available at Genbank SRR4436669 - SRR4436674. Any sequence alignments used are available by the corresponding author upon request.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2017

Ophiuroid Phylotranscriptomics Enables Discovery Of Novel Echinoderm Representatives Of Bilaterian Neuropeptide Families And Reconstruction Of Neuropeptide Precursor Evolution Over ~270 Million Years

BackgroundNeuropeptides are a diverse class of intercellular signaling molecules that mediate neuronal regulation of many physiological and behavioural processes, including feeding, reproduction and locomotion. Recent advances in genome/transcriptome sequencing are enabling identification of neuropeptide precursor proteins in species from a growing variety of animal taxa, providing new insights into the evolution of neuropeptide signaling. Here we report a phylo-transcriptomic analysis of neuropeptide precursors in over fifty species of brittle stars (Class Ophiuroidea; Phylum Echinodermata).\n\nResultsDetailed analysis of transcriptome sequence data from three brittle star species, Ophionotus victoriae, Amphiura filiformis and Ophiopsila aranea, enabled the first comprehensive identification of neuropeptide precursors in ophiuroids. Representatives of over thirty bilaterian neuropeptide precursor families were identified, some of which occur as paralogs (e.g. thyrotropin-releasing hormone, corticotropin-releasing hormone, cholecystokinin, somatostatin and pedal peptide). Furthermore, homologs of endothelin/CCHamide, eclosion hormone, neuropeptide-F/Y and nucleobinin/nesfatin were discovered here in a deuterostome/echinoderm for the first time. The majority of ophiuroid neuropeptide precursors contain a single copy of a neuropeptide, but several precursors comprise multiple copies of identical or non-identical, but structurally-related, neuropeptides. Here we performed an unprecedented investigation of the evolution of neuropeptide copy-number over a period of ~270 million years by analysing sequence data from over fifty ophiuroid species, with reference to a robust phylogeny. Interestingly, the number of neuropeptide copies in the majority of precursors was constant across all the species examined, but examples of clade-specific losses/gains of neuropeptides were also observed.\n\nConclusionsWe report here the most comprehensive analysis to date of neuropeptide precursors in the phylum Echinodermata, with novel representatives of several bilaterian neuropeptide families discovered for the first time in echinoderms. Furthermore, analysis of precursor proteins comprising multiple copies of identical or related neuropeptides across ~270 million years of ophiuroid evolution indicates that the composition of neuropeptide \"cocktails\" is functionally important, but with plasticity over long evolutionary time scales.

neuroscience↗