Surface potential as a strong early osteogenic trigger via mechanotransduction and calcium accumulation
Analyzing the differentiation potential of cells in contact with newly developed materials is essential for assessing their ability to integrate into biological tissues and promote functional regeneration. Material properties such as rigidity, topography, and wettability significantly influence stem cell differentiation and are therefore optimized in implants. In this context, surface potential has been repeatedly, albeit inadvertently, shown to enhance osteogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that this surface property modulates cellular mechanosensing by altering the cells perception of substrate rigidity. Specifically, we show that human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) on surfaces with a net zero charge, coated with collagen type I, exhibit characteristics typical of cells adhering to compliant substrates. Conversely, mesenchymal stem cells on polarized surfaces activate mechanoresponsive pathways that promote osteogenesis, as evidenced by large spreading areas, enhanced contractility, and Yes-associated protein (YAP) translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, our data suggest that negative net surface potentials lead to the local accumulation of calcium ions, which further facilitates osteogenic differentiation. Collectively, our findings reveal that biomaterials surface potential, a previously uncharacterized mediator of cellular mechanotransduction, should be considered in the design of next-generation biomaterials for tissue regeneration applications.