Excess calorie intake early in life increases susceptibility to colitis in the adult
Epidemiological data report an association between obesity and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 1-3. Furthermore, animal models demonstrate that maternal high fat diet (HFD) and maternal obesity increase susceptibility to IBD in the offsprings 4-8. However, the mechanisms that translate maternal obesity and HFD into increased susceptibility to IBD later in life remain unknown. Here we report that excess calorie intake by neonatal mice, as a consequence of maternal HFD, forced feeding of neonates or low litter competition, lead to an increase, during weaning, in intestinal permeability, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hydrogen sulfide production by the microbiota. In this context, intestinal permeability, cytokine expression and hydrogen sulfide engaged in a mutual positive feedback that imprinted increased susceptibility to colitis in the adult. This pathological imprinting was prevented by the neutralization of IFN{gamma} and TNF, of the production of hydrogen sulphide, or by normalization of intestinal permeability during weaning. Thus, excessive calorie intake by neonates leads to multiple causally-linked perturbations in the intestine that imprint the individual with long term susceptibility to IBD.