A human mitofusin 2 mutation causes mitophagic cardiomyopathy
Cardiac muscle has the highest mitochondrial density of any human tissue, but mitochondrial dysfunction is not a recognized cause of isolated cardiomyopathy. Here, we determined that the rare mitofusin (MFN) 2 R400Q mutation is ~20x over-represented in clinical cardiomyopathy, whereas this specific mutation is not reported as a cause of the MFN2 mutant-induced peripheral neuropathy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A). Accordingly, we interrogated the enzymatic, biophysical and functional characteristics of MFN2 Q400 versus wild-type and representative CMT2A-causing MFN2 mutants. All MFN2 mutants we studied suppressed mitochondrial fusion, the canonical MFN2 function. Compared to CMT2A mutants MFN2 R94Q and T105M that lacked catalytic GTPase activity and exhibited normal activation-induced changes in conformation, MFN2 Q400 had normal GTPase activity with impaired conformational shifting. GTPase-defective MFN2 mutants, but not MFN2 Q400, suppressed mitochondrial motility, provoked mitochondrial depolarization and reduced mitochondrial respiration. By contrast, MFN2 Q400 was uniquely defective in recruiting Parkin to mitochondria. CRISPR editing of the R400Q mutation into the mouse Mfn2 gene induced perinatal cardiomyopathy with no other organ involvement. RNA sequencing and metabolomics of cardiomyopathic Mfn2 Q400 hearts revealed signature abnormalities recapitulating experimental mitophagic cardiomyopathy. Indeed, cardiomyoblasts expressing MFN2 Q400 exhibited multiple mitophagy defects, but normal mitochondrial respiration. MFN2 Q400 is the first known natural mitophagy- and shape change-defective MFN2 mutant. Its unique profile of dysfunction evokes mitophagic cardiomyopathy, suggesting a mechanism for its enrichment in clinical cardiomyopathy.