Major role of the high-pathogenicity island (HPI) in the intrinsic extra-intestinal virulence of Escherichia coli revealed by a genome-wide association study
The genus Escherichia is composed of several species and cryptic clades, including E. coli, which behave as a vertebrate gut commensal, but also as an opportunistic pathogen involved in both diarrheic and extra-intestinal diseases. To characterize the genetic determinants of extra-intestinal virulence within the genus, we carried out an unbiased genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 370 commensal, pathogenic and environmental strains representative of the Escherichia genus phylogenetic diversity and including E. albertii (n=7), E. fergusonii (n=5), Escherichia clades (n=32) and E. coli (n=326), tested in a mouse model of sepsis. We found that the high-pathogenicity island (HPI), a [~]35 kbp gene island encoding the yersiniabactin siderophore, is highly associated with death in mice, surpassing other associated genetic factors also related to iron uptake, such as the aerobactin and the sitABCD operons. We validated the association in vivo by deleting key components of the HPI in E. coli strains in two phylogenetic backgrounds, and found that virulence is correlated in E. coli with growth in the presence of various stressors including several antimicrobials, which hints at collateral sensitivities associated with intrinsic virulence. This study points to the major role of iron capture systems in the extra-intestinal virulence of the genus Escherichia and the collateral effects on cell growth of such systems.