Optimizing smartphone-based canopy hemispherical photography
O_LIHemispherical photography (HP) is a long-standing tool for forest canopy characterization. Currently, there are low-cost fisheye lenses to convert smartphones into highly portable HP equipment (smartphone-based HP, hereafter SHP). However, there is an obstacle to having a close-to-ideal method for citizen science and large-scale or opportunistic sampling: the known sensitivity of HP to illumination conditions. The purpose of this paper is to test a ready-to-use approach based on previous research, and to contribute to quantifying the errors associated with choosing SHP in non-recommended light conditions over well-established HP practices. C_LIO_LIIn 30 locations distributed in broadleaf and coniferous woodlands, a total of 1080 photographs were taken with two smartphone models, manipulating the exposure, and under varied sky conditions. After image binarization, accurate reference data was employed to evaluate the reliability of extracting canopy parameters from SHP. C_LIO_LIThe proposed methodology can reliably quantify canopy openness (RMSE ~ 0.04) and plant area index (RMSE ~ 10%), suggesting that SHP, when used following the recommendations from the present study, allows the retrieval of unbiased canopy metrics independently of sky conditions and forest type. C_LI