Biology subjects

Dewald, J. P.

Publications and source records attributed to Dewald, J. P..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Whole-brain precision functional mapping of a proximal upper-extremity motor task

Upper-extremity motor control has been widely studied with hand-task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in healthy and disease states. However, proximal-arm motor tasks, such as at the shoulder, are uncommon during fMRI due to practical limitations, though they are critical to a complete understanding of upper-extremity motor control. Previous fMRI studies of proximal upper-extremity control have generally used unconstrained movements or a single low force or torque condition, leaving unknown how distributed supraspinal brain activity scales with increasing proximal motor output. Here, we implemented a custom, MR-safe device to test supraspinal brain activity during three levels of isometric shoulder abduction in healthy individuals using a whole-brain fMRI acquisition. We conducted subject-specific analysis with repeated sampling of the controlled shoulder abduction task within each individual (i.e., "precision mapping"), as the exact localization of shoulder motor activity is relatively understudied. Our analysis showed spatial variability in subject-specific motor activation compared to group-level localization. We found that shoulder abduction had a significant effect on motor activity in the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor area, thalamus, putamen, and cerebellum. Across repeated fMRI runs, amplitude of motor activity was consistent across all tested regions. Overall, these findings provide an individualized, whole-brain torque-response characterization of the proximal upper-extremity motor system and establish an approach for examining how distributed supraspinal motor networks are recruited as mechanical demand increases. These whole-brain, subject-specific methods can be a critical tool for probing motor dysfunction in clinical populations.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

A computational approach for generating smooth estimates of motor unit discharge rates and visualizing population discharge characteristics

ObjectiveSuccessive improvements in high density surface electromyography and decomposition techniques have facilitated an increasing yield in decomposed motor unit (MU) spike times. Though these advancements enhance the generalizability of findings and promote the application of MU discharge characteristics to inform the neural control of motor output, limitations remain. Specifically, 1) common approaches for generating smooth estimates of MU discharge rates introduce artifacts in quantification, which may bias findings, and 2) discharge characteristics of large MU populations are often difficult to visualize. ApproachIn the present study, we propose support vector regression (SVR) as an improved approach for generating continuous estimates of discharge rate and compare the fit characteristics of SVR to traditionally used methods, including Hanning window filtering and polynomial regression. Furthermore, we introduce ensembles as a method to visualize the discharge characteristics of large MU populations. We define ensembles as the average discharge profile of a subpopulation of MUs, composed of a time normalized ensemble average of all units within this subpopulation. Analysis was conducted with MUs decomposed from the tibialis anterior (N = 2128), medial gastrocnemius (N = 2673), and soleus (N = 1190) during isometric plantarflexion and dorsiflexion contractions. Main ResultCompared to traditional approaches, we found SVR to alleviate commonly observed inaccuracies and produce significantly less absolute fit error in the initial phase of MU discharge and throughout the entire duration of discharge. Additionally, we found the visualization of MU populations as ensembles to intuitively represent population discharge characteristics with appropriate accuracy for visualization. SignificanceThe results and methods outlined here provide an improved method for generating smooth estimates of MU discharge rate with SVR and present a unique approach to visualizing MU populations with ensembles. In combination, the use of SVR and generation of ensembles represent an efficient method for rendering population discharge characteristics.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2021

Estimates of persistent inward currents are reduced in upper limb motor units of older adults

Aging is a natural process that causes alterations in the neuromuscular system, which contribute to weakness and reduced quality of life. Reduced firing rates of individual motor units (MUs) likely contribute to weakness, but the mechanisms underlying reduced firing rates are not clear. Persistent inward currents (PICs) are crucial for the initiation, gain control, and maintenance of motoneuron firing, and are directly proportional to the level of monoaminergic input. Since the concentration of monoamines (i.e. serotonin and norepinephrine) are reduced with age, we sought to determine if estimates of PICs are reduced in older (>60 years old) compared to younger adults (<35 years old). We decomposed MU spike trains from high-density surface electromyography over the biceps brachii and triceps brachii during isometric ramp contractions to 20% of maximum. Estimates of PICs (i.e. {Delta}F) were computed using the paired MU analysis technique. Regardless of the muscle, peak firing rates of older adults were reduced by ~1.6 pulses per second (pps) (P = 0.0292), and {Delta}F was reduced by ~1.9 pps (P < 0.0001), compared to younger adults. We further found that age predicted {Delta}F in older adults (P = 0.0261), resulting in a reduction of ~1pps per decade, but there was no relationship in younger adults (P = 0.9637). These findings suggest that PICs are reduced in older adults, and, further, age is a significant predictor of estimates of PICs in older adults. Reduced PIC magnitude represents one plausible mechanism for reduced firing rates and weakness in older individuals. KEY POINTSO_LIPersistent inward currents play an important role in the neural control of human movement and are influenced by neuromodulation via monoamines originating in the brainstem. C_LIO_LIDuring aging, motor unit firing rates are reduced, and there is deterioration of brainstem nuclei, which may reduce persistent inward currents in alpha motoneurons. C_LIO_LIHere we show that estimates of persistent inward currents ({Delta}F) of both elbow flexor and extensor motor units are reduced in older adults. C_LIO_LIEstimates of persistent inward currents have a negative relationship with age in the older adults, but not young. C_LIO_LIThis novel mechanism may play a role in alteration motor firing rates that occurs with aging, which may have consequences for motor control. C_LI

physiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Sensitivity of the paired motor unit analysis for estimation of motoneuron excitability to commonly used constraints and filters

The nervous system has a tremendous ability to modify motoneuron excitability according to task demands through neuromodulatory synaptic input to motoneurons. Neuromodulatory inputs adjust the response of the motoneuron to excitatory and inhibitory ionotropic input and can facilitate the induction of persistent inward currents (PICs). PICs amplify and prolong the motoneuron response to synaptic inputs, and PIC impairment may play a major role in motor deficits observed in pathological conditions. Noninvasive estimation of the magnitude of neuromodulatory input and persistent inward currents in human motoneurons is achieved through a paired motor unit analysis ({Delta}F) that quantifies hysteresis in the firing rates at motor unit recruitment and derecruitment. While the {Delta}F technique is commonly used for estimating motoneuron excitability, computational parameters used for the technique vary across studies. In the present study, we assessed the sensitivity of the {Delta}F technique to several criteria commonly used in selecting motor unit pairs for analysis, as well as to methods used for smoothing the instantaneous motor unit firing rates. Using HD-sEMG and motor unit decomposition we obtained 5,409 motor unit pairs from the triceps brachii of ten healthy individuals during submaximal triangle contractions. The mean (SD) {Delta}F was 4.9 (1.08) pps, consistent with previous work using intramuscular recordings. There was an exponential plateau relationship between {Delta}F and the recruitment time difference between the motor unit pairs, with the plateau occurring at approximately 1 s. There was an exponential decay relationship between {Delta}F and the derecruitment time difference between the motor unit pairs, with the decay stabilizing at approximately 1.5 s. We found that reducing or removing the minimum threshold for the correlation of the rate-rate slope for the two units did not affect {Delta}F values or variance. Additionally, we found that removing motor unit pairs in which the control unit was saturated had no significant effect on {Delta}F. Smoothing filter selection had no substantial effect on {Delta}F values and {Delta}F variance; however, the length and type of smoothing filter affected the minimum recruitment and derecruitment time differences. Our results facilitate interpretation of findings from studies that implement the {Delta}F approach but use different computational parameters.

neuroscience↗