bioRxiv2025
Although an organisms genetic information is predominantly identical among most of its cell types, the epigenome regulates the expression of the genome in a cell type- and context-dependent manner. In mammals, DNA methylation in regulatory regions, such as promoters, primarily regulates gene expression by inducing transcriptional inactivation. With genome-wide approaches came the realization that DNA methylation patterns underlying mammalian development are considerably more dynamic than previously recognized. This realization highlights the need for methodological approaches capable of capturing this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of modeling DNA methylation networks by jointly estimating regularized precision matrices from time- and tissue-specific omics data derived from the pig genome. For that, we utilized RNA-Seq and RRBS data that span seven pig tissues at three developmental stages: early organogenesis, late organogenesis, and newborn. Our analysis focused on 61, 48, and 74 genes -- differentially expressed across developmental stages and CpG-methylated in promoter regions, from endoderm-, mesoderm-, and ectoderm-derived tissues, respectively. Using a joint fused ridge approach, we were able to borrow information across tissues and time points, enabling more robust network inference. This analytical framework advances exploratory methods for studying organism development using pig as a model species. Our results highlight the importance of fetal-maternal immunity and the circulatory system in early development, and shed light on dynamic interactions across tissues, organ systems, and germ layers. We anticipate that this flexible framework can be extended to other omics data and species, facilitating future research. Author summaryThis study explores how gene activity is controlled during pig fetal development using networks. The epigenome can turn genes on and off, depending on, e.g. the cells function and the organisms growth stage. This process includes chemical changes to DNA, such as methylation. We focused on DNA methylation patterns during pig fetal development by analyzing samples from several organs at three stages of fetal growth. We combined gene activity data with DNA methylation data by using a network-based method that allows us to visualize and study how genes interact across different tissues and developmental stages. We discovered that the immune and circulatory systems are critical during early development. We have also observed complex interactions across tissues and organ systems. Our study provides a flexible toolbox with clear, step-by-step explanations. This analytical framework can be used to explore developmental patterns at the genomic scale in other species and can be adapted to different types of biological data.