Dedvukaj, A. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2026

The La Crosse virus M segment determines virus isolate cell-to-cell spread and virulence

La Crosse virus (LACV) is an orthobunyavirus spread by mosquitoes in North America and can cause severe neurological disease. Despite this burden, there is a lack of LACV antiviral treatments as our fundamental understanding of how LACV spreads and causes disease remains incomplete. To investigate LACV biology, we took advantage of two genetically similar LACV lineage I isolates (LACV1960 and LACV1978) where we found that LACV1960 infects and replicates at a higher rate than LACV1978, while LACV1978 exhibits enhanced cell-cell spread and in vivo virulence and dissemination. To investigate the genomic determinants behind these phenotypes, we generated reassortants between each isolate. We found that each genomic segment contributed to LACV pathogenesis with the M segment as a dominant determinant for LACV pathogenesis in vivo and plaque size and replication in vitro. To address which M segment protein contributes to plaque size and infectivity, we generated M segment chimeric viruses using a LACV1978 background and swapping in regions of the LACV1960 M segment. We found that the Gc head domain determined plaque size and infectivity, with the LACV1960 Gc head chimera producing small plaques but having increased infectivity over the wild-type LACV1978. Finally, using natural LACV lineage isolates, we showed that plaque size is variable across and within lineages suggesting changes in the M segment may impact LACV in nature. In future studies, we will continue to investigate the mechanisms behind how cell-to-cell spread influences dissemination to better understand how LACV genome segments affect spread, infectivity, virulence, and viral fitness.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

The La Crosse virus Gc head domain is a major determinant of virus dissemination and pathogenesis.

How orthobunyaviruses establish infections and disseminate to cause disease is not well understood. In a previous study using the in vivo evolution of La Crosse virus (LACV), we discovered a cluster of mutations localizing to the LACV Gc head domain. However, we do not understand how the Gc head domain contributes to infection. We generated each of the aforementioned mutations and addressed the role of the Gc head domain in viral replication and infectivity in human neurons and myoblasts. We found that specific head domain residues could attenuate replication and infectivity in both cell lines, indicating an important role for the head domain during infection in vitro. Focusing on the Gc N609D variant which was attenuated in vitro, we infected three-week-old WT C57BL/6J mice via the footpad with WT LACV or the Gc N609D variant and found that the Gc N609D virus was completely attenuated. To address whether the variant was also attenuated in a highly susceptible mouse model, we infected Ifnar1-/- mice with WT LACV and Gc N609D and found that virulence in mice infected with Gc N609D was delayed with several mice surviving the infection. Subsequent studies looking at virus dissemination to the brain show that the Gc N609D virus has decreased neuroinvasive events, supporting a role for the head domain in virus dissemination. Together, these studies define a critical role of the Gc head domain in infectivity, dissemination, and pathogenesis. Studies are underway to further define how the orthobunyavirus Gc head domain contributes to infection and disease. ImportanceOrthobunyaviruses are emerging arboviruses capable of severe disease and explosive outbreaks. However, our understanding of how orthobunyaviruses establish infections or cause disease is not completely understood. The orthobunyavirus Gc glycoprotein contains a variable amino-terminal head domain that forms the tip of the virion trimeric spike, yet it is unclear how the head domain contributes to infection or pathogenesis. In this study, we use La Crosse virus (LACV) and a panel of Gc head domain variants to address the role of the head domain in LACV biology. We found that critical head domain regions are important for virus infectivity and pathogenesis in mice, highlighting an important role for the Gc head domain in orthobunyavirus infection and disease.

microbiology↗