Biology subjects

De Francesco, R.

Publications and source records attributed to De Francesco, R..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

LC3C-ATG4D regulatory axis supports coronavirus replication organelle formation independently of canonical autophagy

Coronaviruses hijack host membranes to assemble ER-derived double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) that shield viral RNA replication from the cell intrinsic surveillance. Although DMVs morphologically resemble autophagosomes, whether and how autophagy factors actively support their biogenesis has remained elusive. Here, we identify a non-canonical requirement for the autophagy protein LC3C in {beta}-coronavirus replication. Loss of LC3s impaired viral RNA replication, whereas genetic ablation of ATG7 did not, indicating that canonical ATG7-dependent lipidation is dispensable in this context. Reconstitution experiments showed that only LC3C substantially restored replication in LC3-deficient cells and that LC3C phospho-mutants, differing in accessibility to ATG4-mediated processing, displayed distinct proviral activities. Additionally, ATG4D, the main protease responsible for maintaining the LC3 non-lipidated pool, is selectively required for viral replication. Both ATG4D and LC3s depletion triggers formation of aberrant DMV-like structures and potently suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication. Ultrastructural analysis of nsp3-nsp4-induced membranes showed that depletion of LC3s or ATG4 proteases altered DMV abundance and morphology, supporting a role for the LC3C-ATG4D axis in replication organelle biogenesis. These data establish that {beta}-coronaviruses repurpose ATG4D-driven LC3C de-lipidation for non-canonical LC3 recruitment to replication organelles, identifying the lipidation state of LC3 as a molecular determinant of replication organelle biogenesis and efficient viral replication. HighlightsThe manuscript shows that {beta}-coronavirus replication depends on LC3 proteins and particularly on LC3C in reconstitution experiments, that this dependency is independent of ATG7-mediated lipidation, and that ATG4D promotes efficient replication and replication organelle morphology. Together, the data support a model in which a non-canonical LC3C-ATG4D pathway contributes to DMV biogenesis and viral RNA replication.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Nirmatrelvir treatment blunts the development of antiviral adaptive immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 infected mice

Alongside vaccines, antiviral drugs are becoming an integral part of our response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Nirmatrelvir - an orally available inhibitor of the 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease - has been shown to reduce the risk of progression to severe COVID-19. However, the impact of nirmatrelvir treatment on the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immune responses is unknown. Here, by using a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we show that nirmatrelvir administration early after infection blunts the development of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. Accordingly, upon secondary challenge, nirmatrelvir-treated mice recruited significantly fewer memory T and B cells to the infected lungs and to mediastinal lymph nodes, respectively. Together, the data highlight a potential negative impact of nirmatrelvir treatment with important implications for clinical management and might help explain the virological and/or symptomatic relapse after treatment completion reported in some individuals.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2022

COVID-19 mRNA third dose induces a unique hybrid immunity-like antibody response

The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 generated highly mutated variants, like omicron BA.1 and BA.2, able to escape natural and vaccine-induced primary immunity1,2. The administration of a third dose of mRNA vaccines induces a secondary response with increased protection. We investigated, at single-cell level, the longitudinal evolution of the neutralizing antibody response in four donors after three mRNA doses3. A total of 4,100 spike protein specific memory B cells were single cell sorted and 350 neutralizing antibodies were identified. The third dose increased the antibody neutralization potency and breadth against all SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as previously observed with hybrid immunity3. However, the B cell repertoire that stands behind the response is dramatically different. The increased neutralizing response was largely due to the expansion of B cell germlines poorly represented after two doses, and the reduction of germlines predominant after primary immunization such as IGHV3-53;IGHJ6-1 and IGHV3-66;IGHJ4-1. Divergently to hybrid immunity, cross-protection after a third dose was mainly guided by Class 1/2 antibodies encoded by IGHV1-58;IGHJ3-1 and IGHV1-69;IGHJ4-1 germlines. The IGHV2-5;IGHJ3-1 germline, which induced broadly cross-reactive Class 3 antibodies after infection or viral vector vaccination, was not induced by a third mRNA dose. Our data show that while neutralizing breadth and potency can be improved by different immunization regimens, each of them has a unique molecular signature which should be considered while designing novel vaccines and immunization strategies.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Structural insights of a highly potent pan-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 human monoclonal antibody

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues, there is a strong need for highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that are resistant against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VoCs). Here, we evaluate the potency of a previously described mAb J08 against these variants using cell-based assays and delve into the molecular details of the binding interaction using cryo-EM. We show that mAb J08 has low nanomolar affinity against VoCs, binds high on the receptor binding domain (RBD) ridge and is therefore unaffected by most mutations, and can bind in the RBD-up and -down conformations. These findings further validate the phase II/III human clinical trial underway using mAb J08 as a monoclonal therapy. One Sentence SummaryPotent neutralizing monoclonal antibody J08 binds SARS-CoV-2 spike independent of known escape mutations.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Controlled administration of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 to K18-hACE2 transgenic mice uncouples respiratory infection and anosmia from fatal neuroinvasion

The development of a tractable small animal model faithfully reproducing human COVID-19 pathogenesis would arguably meet a pressing need in biomedical research. Thus far, most investigators have used transgenic mice expressing the human ACE2 in epithelial cells (K18-hACE2 transgenic mice) that are intranasally instilled with a liquid SARS-CoV-2 suspension under deep anesthesia. Unfortunately, this experimental approach results in disproportionate high CNS infection leading to fatal encephalitis, which is rarely observed in humans and severely limits this models usefulness. Here, we describe the use of an inhalation tower system that allows exposure of unanesthetized mice to aerosolized virus under controlled conditions. Aerosol exposure of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice to SARS-CoV-2 resulted in robust viral replication in the respiratory tract, anosmia, and airway obstruction, but did not lead to fatal viral neuroinvasion. When compared to intranasal inoculation, aerosol infection resulted in a more pronounced lung pathology including increased immune infiltration, fibrin deposition and a transcriptional signature comparable to that observed in SARS-CoV-2- infected patients. This model may prove useful for studies of viral transmission, disease pathogenesis (including long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection) and therapeutic interventions.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2021

Novel antiviral interferon sensitive genes unveiled by correlation-driven gene selection and integrated systems biology approaches.

Interferons (IFNs) are key cytokines involved in alerting the immune system to viral infection. After IFN stimulation, cellular transcriptional profile critically changes, leading to the expression of several IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) that exert a wide variety of antiviral activities. Despite many ISGs have been already identified, a comprehensive network of coding and non-coding genes with a central role in IFN-response still needs to be elucidated. We performed a global RNA-Seq transcriptome profile of the HCV permissive human hepatoma cell line Huh7.5 and its parental cell line Huh7, upon IFN treatment, to define a network of genes whose coordinated modulation plays a central role in IFN-response. Our study adds molecular actors, coding and non-coding genes, to the complex molecular network underlying IFN-response and shows how systems biology approaches, such as correlation networks, networks topology and gene ontology analyses can be leveraged to this aim.

systems biology↗