Biology subjects

Coque, T. M.

Publications and source records attributed to Coque, T. M..

13 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Bacterial Mercury Resistance Reveals a Robust Species-Structured Human Antimicrobial Mobilome

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly recognized as an ecological and evolutionary phenomenon that extends beyond clinical environments. Despite the predominant focus on antibiotics, bacterial metal resistance genes are among the oldest and most widespread adaptive antimicrobial systems, yet their distribution within human-associated microbial communities remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the ecology of mercury (Hg) resistance in children from a birth cohort with relatively high Hg exposure. Fecal samples from 234 children aged 4-8 years were analyzed using culture-based screening, whole-genome sequencing, and comparative analyses of metal- and antibiotic-resistance determinants and associated mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Hg-resistance was detected in 79.7% of samples, with HgR Enterobacterales isolated from 57% of children. Hair mercury concentrations were not associated with carriage. Sequencing revealed a phylogenetically diverse collection dominated by Escherichia spp. (61%). Hg resistance was mediated by 79 mer operons primarily associated with Tn21, Tn1696, and Tn5053 families circulating on chromosomes and a highly diverse plasmidome. Both rare and globally distributed plasmids related to foodborne, animal, and clinical Enterobacterales were identified. Metal resistance determinants exhibited strong taxonomic structuring, with Escherichia enriched in iron-uptake systems and siderophores whereas non-Escherichia taxa carried multimetal resistance operons. These findings indicate that Hg-resistance is shaped by ecological interactions and MGEs, becoming partially decoupled from contemporary Hg-exposure and bacterial community composition. The human gut therefore serves as an important reservoir linking environmental metal resistance to the broader evolution of AMR and provides insight into the baseline resistome and plasmidome of human populations.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Ciprofloxacin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae: phenotype prediction from genotype and global distribution of resistance determinants

BACKGROUNDCiprofloxacin resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is common or emerging in many geographies, and knowledge of local resistance rates is important for empirical therapy. Whilst there are known K. pneumoniae ciprofloxacin resistance determinants, there is a lack of systematic data on the effect of determinants, alone and in combination, and there are no publicly accessible tools for predicting resistance from whole genome sequence data. METHODSThe KlebNET-GSP AMR Genotype-Phenotype Group aggregated a matched genotype-phenotype dataset of n=12,167 K. pneumoniae species complex (KpSC) isolates from 27 countries between 2001-2021. We developed a rules-based classifier to predict ciprofloxacin resistance by categorizing the number of quinolone resistance determining regions mutations in gyrA and parC, the number of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, and the presence/absence of aac(6')-Ib-cr (which can acetylate ciprofloxacin). Predictive performance was assessed using the discovery dataset, for which we re-phenotyped discrepant isolates; and validated using externally contributed datasets (n=7,030 KpSC isolates). RESULTSThe rules-based classifier predicted R vs S/I with categorical agreement, sensitivity, and specificity >96%, and major/very major error rates <4%. Performance was similar across diverse KpSC sources (human, animal, other), species, and intra-species lineages. External validation of the classifier yielded overall 93.12% categorical agreement [95% confidence interval (CI), 92.50-93.74%], 8.65% major errors [95% CI, 7.34-9.97%], and 6.20% very major errors [95% CI, 5.51-6.90%]. We implemented the classifier in Kleborate, a command-line tool that is integrated into the Pathogenwatch web platform. Using this to assess the global distribution of ciprofloxacin resistance determinants in KpSC genomes available in Pathogenwatch (n=31,319, from 109 countries between years 2000-2023), we observed a significant positive association between national quinolone consumption rates and predicted ciprofloxacin resistance (R2=0.20, p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Ciprofloxacin resistance phenotypes can be reasonably predicted from genotypes, which is sufficient for informing surveillance. However, unexplained resistance remains and accuracy is insufficient for clinical applications. We demonstrate the value of aggregating genotype-phenotype data to explore resistance mechanisms and develop predictors, but highlight complexities in combining phenotype data from different assays and standards.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

The Antimicrobial Gut Resistome of the Wayampi reveals a shared background of antibiotic and metal resistance genes with industrialised populations, underscoring the robust-yet-fragile architecture of human gut microbiomes.

BackgroundMetagenomics enables detailed profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes, but most studies focus solely on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), use low-sensitivity methods, and rarely investigate populations with minimal anthropogenic pollution. We analyzed fecal resistomes of 95 Wayampi individuals, an Indigenous community in remote French Guiana, using a targeted metagenomic capture platform covering 8,667 resistance genes to antibiotics (ARGs), metals (MRGs), and biocides (BRGs) (PMID: 29335005). Resistome profiles were compared with Europeans to assess population-level differences. ResultsARG richness was similar between groups (259 in Wayampi vs. 264 in Europeans, 159 shared), but MRGs + BRGs (BAC) gene richness was signifcantly higher in Wayampi (3,670 vs. 2,039). Most genes appeared in a minority of individuals (mean 5% for ARGs, 2% for BAC), but several ARGs for tetracyclines [tet(32), tet(40), tet(O), tet(Q), tet(W), tet(X), tetAB(P)], aminoglycosides (ant6'-I, aph3-III), macrolides (ermB, ermF, mefA), and sulfonamides (sul2) were present in all individuals. Tetracycline resistance genes predominated overall, while beta-lactam resistance genes were more common in Wayampi, and genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, amphenicols, and folate inhibitors were more frequent in Europeans. Among MRGs, copper and arsenic resistance genes prevailed, followed by those for zinc, iron, cobalt, and, nickel. Up to 76% of Wayampiis carried acquired MRGs for copper (pcoABCDRS and tcrB), silver (silACFPRS), arsenic (ars), and mercury (mer) detoxification. Shannon diversity indices were similar for ARGs, MRGs, and BRGs, but composition and evenness differed significantly. UMAP and ADONIS analyses distinguised cohorts by ARG profiles (p < 0.001), but not MRGs or BRGs. Correlation analysis revealed conserved gene-sharing networks and introgression of acquired ARGs and MRGs in both gut microbiomes. ConclusionsThe diverse and balanced Wayampi resistome reflect a less perturbed microbiome compared to industrialized populations, and reveals a background of core and shell acquired ARGs and MRGs, consistent with the "robust-yet-fragile" architecture of scale-free networks. The patchy yet resilient distribution of resistance genes reflects varying levels of conserved gene sharing highways probably shaped by long-term microbial-human evolution, and support a broader view of acquired antimicrobial resistance.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Bacteriocin Distribution Patterns in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus lactis: Bioinformatic Analysis Using a Tailored Genomics Framework

Multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium represent a major concern due to their ability to thrive in diverse environments and cause life-threatening infections. While antimicrobial resistance and virulence mechanisms have been extensively studied, the contribution of bacteriocins to E. faeciums adaptability remains poorly explored. E. faecium, within the Bacillota phylum, is a prominent bacteriocin producer. Here, we developed a tailored database of 76 Bacillota bacteriocins (217 sequences, including 40 novel bacteriocins) and applied it to uncover bacteriocin distribution patterns in 997 quality-filtered E. faecium and Enterococcus lactis (former E. faecium clade B) genomes. Curated using computational pipelines and literature mining, our database demonstrates superior precision versus leading public tools in identifying diverse bacteriocins. Distinct bacteriocin profiles emerged between E. faecium and E. lactis, highlighting species-specific adaptations. E. faecium strains from hospitalized patients were significantly enriched for bacteriocins as entA, bac43, bacAS5 and bacAS11. These bacteriocins strongly associated with antibiotic resistance, particularly vancomycin and ampicillin, and Inc18 rep2_pRE25-derivative plasmids, classically associated with vancomycin resistance transposons. Our integrated genomic and epidemiological analysis elucidates meaningful connections between bacteriocin determinants, antimicrobial resistance, mobile genetic elements, and ecological origins in E. faecium. This work significantly expands the knowledge on the understudied bacteriocin diversity in opportunistic enterococci, revealing their contribution to environmental adaptation. Further characterization of strain-level bacteriocin landscapes could inform strategies to combat high-risk clones. Overall, these insights provide a framework for unravelling bacteriocins therapeutic and biotechnological potential.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

Long-term dynamics of the 'Serratia marcescens complex' in the hospital-built environment

Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen historically associated with abrupt, unpredictable, and severe outbreaks in hospital intensive care units (ICUs) and, more recently, with the spread of acquired genes encoding carbapenem resistance. However, the population biology and ecology of S. marcescens in the hospital ecosystem is still poorly understood. Here, we combine epidemiological information of 1417 Serratia isolates collected from the sinks of a large ICU ward that underwent significant demographic and operational changes (2019-2020) and 99 non-redundant outbreak/non-outbreak isolates from the same hospital (2003-2019), with genomic data of 165 isolates. We first report hospital sinks as reservoirs of heterogeneous and coexistent populations of the S. marcescens complex (SMC). A novel SMC clade congruent with the recently described Serratia nevei species is predominant, exhibiting chromosomal AmpC {beta}-lactamase with an unusual basal expression in contrast to one of the major features of S. marcescens. Persistent Serratia sink strains are identical to those involved in clonal and polyclonal outbreaks of VIM-1 and OXA-48 producers since at least 2017. The "source-sink" dynamics of SMC populations able to acquire the highly conserved plasmids such as IncL carrying blaVIM-1 or blaOXA-48 offer novel insights that might improve interventions to control outbreaks and treat Serratia infections in high-risk hospital areas.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

The population-level impact of Enterococcus faecalis genetics on intestinal colonisation and extraintestinal infection

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal pathogenic bacterium commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract and a cause of opportunistic infections typically associated with multidrug resistance. The E. faecalis genetic changes associated with pathogenicity and extraintestinal infection, particularly through gut-to-bloodstream translocation, are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the E. faecalis genetic signatures associated with intestinal colonisation and extraintestinal infection and infection of hospitalised and non-hospitalised individuals using heritability estimation and a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We analysed 750 whole-genome sequences of faecal and bloodstream E. faecalis isolates from hospitalised patients and non-hospitalised individuals, respectively, predominantly in Europe. We found that E. faecalis infection of individuals depending on their hospitalisation status and extraintestinal infection are heritable traits and that [~]24% and [~]34% of their variation is explained by the considered genetic effects, respectively. Further, a GWAS using linear mixed models did not pinpoint any clear enrichment of individual genetic changes in isolates from different isolation sites and individuals with varying hospitalisation statuses, suggesting that these traits are highly polygenic. Altogether, our findings indicate that E. faecalis infection and extraintestinal infection are influenced by variation in genetic, host, and environmental factors, and ultimately the opportunistic pathogenic lifestyle of this versatile host generalist bacterium.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Phylogenomics of globally spread Clonal Groups 14 and 15 of Klebsiella pneumoniae

The increasing worldwide spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Kp is largely driven by high-risk sublineages, some of them well-characterised such as Clonal Group (CG) 258, CG147 or CG307. MDR Kp Sequence-Type (ST) 14 and ST15 have been described worldwide causing frequent outbreaks of CTX-M-15 and/or carbapenemase producers. However, their phylogeny, population structure and global dynamics remain unclear. Here, we clarify the phylogenetic structure and evolvability of CG14 and CG15 Kp by analysing the CG14 and CG15 genomes available in public databases (n=481, November 2019) and de novo sequences representing main sublineages circulating in Portugal (n=9). Deduplicated genomes (n=235) were used to infer temporal phylogenetic evolution and to compare their capsular locus (KL), resistome, virulome and plasmidome using high-resolution tools. Phylogenetic analysis supported independent evolution of CG14 and CG15 within two distinct clades and 4 main subclades which are mainly defined according to the KL and the accessory genome. Within CG14, two large monophyletic subclades, KL16 (14%) and KL2 (86%), presumptively emerged around 1937 and 1942, respectively. Sixty-five percent of CG14 carried genes encoding ESBL, AmpC and/or carbapenemases and, remarkably, they were mainly observed in the KL2 subclade. The CG15 clade was segregated in two major subclades. One was represented by KL24 (42%) and KL112 (36%), the latter one diverging from KL24 around 1981, and the other comprised KL19 and other KL-types (16%). Of note, most CG15 genomes contained genes encoding ESBL, AmpC and/or carbapenemases (n=148, 87%) and displayed a characteristic set of mutations in regions encoding quinolone resistance (QRDR, GyrA83F/GyrA87A/ParC80I). Plasmidome analysis revealed 2463 plasmids grouped in 27 predominant plasmid groups (PG) with a high degree of recombination, including particularly pervasive F-type (n=10) and Col (n=10) plasmids. Whereas blaCTX-M-15 was linked to a high diversity of mosaic plasmids, other ARGs were confined to particular plasmids (e.g. blaOXA-48-IncL; blaCMY/TEM-24-IncC). This study firstly demonstrates an independent evolutionary trajectory for CG15 and CG14, and suggests how the acquisition of specific KL, QRDR mutations (CG15) and ARGs in highly recombinant plasmids could have shaped the expansion and diversification of particular subclades (CG14-KL2, CG15-KL24/KL112). IMPORTANCEKlebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) represents a major threat in the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Phylogenetic approaches to explain the phylogeny, emergence and evolution of certain multidrug resistant populations have mainly focused on core-genome approaches while variation in the accessory genome and the plasmidome have been long overlooked. In this study, we provide unique insights into the phylogenetic evolution and plasmidome of two intriguing and yet uncharacterized clonal groups (CGs), the CG14 and CG15, which have contributed to the global dissemination of contemporaneous {beta}-lactamases. Our results point-out an independent evolution of these two CGs and highlight the existence of different clades structured by the capsular-type and the accessory genome. Moreover, the contribution of a turbulent flux of plasmids (especially multireplicon F type and Col) and adaptive traits (antibiotic resistance and metal tolerance genes) to the pangenome, reflect the exposure and adaptation of Kp under different selective pressures.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2022

Evolution of chlorhexidine susceptibility and of the EfrEF operon among Enterococcus faecalis from diverse environments, clones and time spans

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely used to control the spread of pathogens (e.g. human/animal clinical settings, ambulatory care, food industry). E. faecalis, a major nosocomial pathogen, is broadly distributed in diverse hosts and environments facilitating its exposure to CHX over the years. Nevertheless, CHX activity against E. faecalis is understudied. Our goal was to assess CHX activity and the variability of ChlR-EfrEF proteins (associated with CHX tolerance) among 673 field isolates and 1784 E. faecalis genomes from PATRIC database from different sources, time spans, clonal lineages and antibiotic resistance profiles. CHX minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICCHX) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCCHX) against E. faecalis presented normal distributions (0.5-64 mg/L). However, more CHX tolerant isolates were detected in the food chain and recent human infections, suggesting an adaptability of E. faecalis populations in settings where CHX is heavily used. Heterogeneity in ChlR-EfrEF sequences was identified, with isolates harboring incomplete ChlR-EfrEF proteins, particularly the EfrE identified in the ST40 clonal lineage, showing low MICCHX ([≤]1mg/L). Distinct ST40-E. faecalis subpopulations carrying truncated and non-truncated EfrE were detected, the former being predominant in human isolates. This study provides a new insight about CHX susceptibility and ChlR-EfrEF variability within diverse E. faecalis populations. The MICCHX/MBCCHX of more tolerant E. faecalis (MICCHX=8mg/L; MBCCHX=64mg/L) remain lower than in-use concentrations of CHX (>500mg/L). However, CHX increasing use combined with concentration gradients occurring in diverse environments potentially selecting multidrug-resistant strains with different CHX susceptibilities, alert to the importance of monitoring the trends of E. faecalis CHX tolerance within a One-Health approach.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

PATO: Pangenome Analysis Toolkit

MotivationComparative genomics is a growing field but one that will be eventually overtaken by sample size studies and the increase of available genomes in public databases. We present the Pangenome Analysis Toolkit (PATO) designed to simultaneously analyze thousands of genomes using a desktop computer. The tool performs common tasks of pangenome analysis such as core-genome definition and accessory genome properties and includes new features that help characterize population structure, annotate pathogenic features and create gene sharedness networks. PATO has been developed in R to integrate with the large set of tools available for genetic, phylogenetic and statistical analysis in this environment. ResultsPATO can perform the most demanding bioinformatic analyses in minutes with an accuracy comparable to state-of-the-art software but 20-30x times faster. PATO also integrates all the necessary functions for the complete analysis of the most common objectives in microbiology studies. Lastly, PATO includes the necessary tools for visualizing the results and can be integrated with other analytical packages available in R. AvailabilityThe source code for PATO is freely available at https://github.com/irycisBioinfo/PATO under the GPLv3 license. Contactval.fernandez@salud.madrid.org Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2020

A 21-year survey of from bloodstream infections (BSIs) in a tertiary hospital reveals how community-hospital dynamics, influence local BSI rates, the trends of the B2 phylogroup and the STc131 pandemic clone

This is a longitudinal study comprising 649 Escherichia coli (EC) isolates representing all 7165 EC-BSI episodes recorded in a hospital (1996-2016). Strains analysis included clonal identification (phylogenetic groups/subgroups, STc131 subclades, PFGE, and WGS), antibiotic susceptibility (13 antibiotics), and virulence-associated genes (VAGs, 29 genes). The incidence of BSI-EC increased from 1996 to 2016 (5.5 to 10.8 BSI episodes/1000 hospitalizations, average 7-8/1000). B2 isolates predominate (53%), subgroups B2-I (STc131), B2-II, B2-IX, and B2-VI representing 25%, 25%, 14%, and 9%, respectively. Intertwined waves of community-acquired (CA) + healthcare-associated and community-onset healthcare-associated (HCA), and hospital-acquired (HA) episodes of both B2 and non-B2 phylogroups occurred. A remarkable increase was only observed for B2-I-STc131 (C1/C2 subclades), with oscillations for other B2 subgroups and phylogroups throughout the years. Epidemic and persistent clones (comprising isolates with highly similar/identical-PFGE types and genomes differing in 18-97 SNPs) of B2-I (STc131), B2-II (STc73), B2-III (STc127), B2-IX (STc95), and B2-VI (STc12) were recovered from different patients, most at hospital admission, for long periods (2-17 years), ESBL producers or resistance to ciprofloxacin in B2 isolates were almost restricted to B2-I (STc131) subclade C. STc131 contributed to increasing the B2 rates but only transiently altered the EC-population structure. The increase of EC-BSI was determined by waves of CA+HCA-BSI episodes that predate the waves of HA-BSI. Besides the risk of hospital transmission that led to temporal increases in BSIs, this study suggests that EC-populations/clones from community-based healthy individuals may occasionally have an epidemic structure and provide a source of transmissible strains influencing the HA-BSIs incidence. IMPORTANCESepsis is the third cause of mortality in Western countries and one of the Global Health threads recognized by the WHO since 2017. Despite Escherichia coli constitutes the most common cause of bloodstream infections (BSI), its epidemiology is not fully understood, in part due to the scarcity of local and longitudinal studies. Our work analyzes the long-term dynamics of E. coli causing bacteremia in a single institution and reveals waves of different clonal lineages that emerge periodically and successfully spread afterward in both the community and hospitals. Because the origin of BSI-E. coli infections is the gut, the microbiota of healthy individuals might occasionally have an epidemic structure, providing a source of E. coli strains to influence the incidence of hospital BSIs. The study complements previous fractionated observations focusing on specific E. coli lineages or antibiotic-resistant isolates in the last decades and helps to understand the epidemiology of E. coli BSIs and the dynamics of pandemic clones.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Simulating the Influence of Conjugative Plasmids Kinetic Values on the Multilevel Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Membrane Computing Model

Plasmids harboring antibiotic resistance genes differ in their kinetic values as plasmid conjugation rate, segregation rate by incompatibility with related plasmids, rate of stochastic loss during replication, cost reducing the host-cell fitness, and frequency of compensatory mutations to reduce plasmid cost, depending on the cell mutation frequency. How variation in these values influence the success of a plasmid and their resistance genes in complex ecosystems, as the microbiota? Genes are located in plasmids, plasmids in cells, cells in populations. These populations are embedded in ensembles of species in different human hosts, are able to exchange between them bacterial ensembles during cross-infection and are located in the hospital or the community setting, under various levels of antibiotic exposure. Simulations using new membrane computing methods help predict the influence of plasmid kinetic values on such multilevel complex system. In our simulation, conjugation frequency needed to be at least 10-3 to clearly influence the dominance of a strain with a resistant plasmid. Host strains able to stably maintain two copies of similar plasmids harboring different resistances, coexistence of these resistances can occur in the population. Plasmid loss rates of 10-4 or 10-5 or plasmid fitness costs [≥]0.06 favor the plasmids located in the most abundant species. The beneficial effect of compensatory mutations for plasmid fitness cost is proportional to this cost, only at high mutation frequencies (10-3-10-5). Membrane computing helps set a multilevel landscape to study the effect of changes in plasmid kinetic values on the success of resistant organisms in complex ecosystems.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Identification of 2CS-CHXT operon signature of chlorhexidine tolerance among Enterococcus faecium

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a broad-spectrum antiseptic widely used in community and clinical contexts for many years, recently acquiring higher relevance in nosocomial infections control worldwide. Despite of this, CHX tolerance has been poorly understood among Enterococcus faecium, one of the leading agents causing nosocomial infections. This study provides new phenotypic and molecular data for a better identification of CHX tolerant E. faecium subpopulations in community and clinical contexts. MICCHX distribution of 106 E. faecium suggested the occurrence of tolerant subpopulations in diverse sources (human, animal, food, environment) and phylogenomic backgrounds (clades A1/A2/B), with predominance in clade A1. They carried a specific variant of 2CS-CHXT operon, here identified. It encodes a glucose and an amino-acid-polyamine-organocation family transporters, besides the DNA-binding-response-regulator ChtR with a P102H mutation previously described in only CHX tolerant clade A1 E. faecium, and the ChtS sensor. Combined data from normal MIC distribution and 2CS-CHXT operon characterization supports a tentative epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) of 8 mg/L to CHX, useful to detect tolerant E. faecium populations in future surveillance studies. The spread of tolerant E. faecium in diverse epidemiological backgrounds alerts for a prudent use of CHX in multiple contexts.\n\nImportanceChlorhexidine is one of the substances included in the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines which comprises the safest and most effective medicines needed in global health systems. Although it has been widely applied as a disinfectant and antiseptic since the 1950s in healthcare (skin, hands, mouthwashes, eye drops), its use in hospitals to prevent nosocomial infections has increased worldwide in recent years. Here we provide a comprehensive study on chlorhexidine tolerance among Enterococcus faecium, one of the leading nosocomial agents worldwide, and identified a novel 2CS-CHXT operon as a signature of tolerant strains occurring in diverse phylogenomic groups. Finally, our data allowed to propose a tentative epidemiological cut-off of 8 mg/L, useful to detect tolerant E. faecium populations in future surveillance studies in community and clinical contexts.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2017

In-Depth Resistome Analysis by Targeted Metagenomics

We developed ResCap, a targeted sequence capture platform based on SeqCapEZ technology, to analyse resistomes and other genes related to antimicrobial resistance (heavy metals, biocides and plasmids). ResCap includes probes for 8,667 canonical resistance genes (7,963 antibiotic resistance genes and 704 genes conferring resistance to metals or biocides), plus 2,517 relaxase genes (plasmid markers). Besides, it includes 78.600 genes homologous to the previous ones (47,806 for antibiotics and 30,794 for biocide or metals). ResCap enriched 279-fold the targeted sequences detected by metagenomic shotgun sequencing and improves their identification. Novel bioinformatic approaches allow quantifying \"gene abundance\" and \"gene diversity\". ResCap, the first targeted sequence capture specifically developed to analyse resistomes, enhances the sensitivity and specificity of available metagenomic methods to analyse antibiotic resistance in complex populations, enables the analysis of other genes related to antimicrobial resistance and opens the possibility to accurately study other complex microbial systems.

microbiology↗