Left-right cortical interactions drive intracellular pattern formation in the ciliate Tetrahymena
In ciliates, cortical organelles are positioned at precise locations along two polarity axes: anterior-posterior and circumferential (lateral). We explored the poorly understood mechanism of circumferential patterning, which generates left-right asymmetry. The model ciliate Tetrahymena has a single anteriorly-located oral apparatus. During cell division, a single new oral apparatus forms near the equator of the parental cell and along the longitude of the parental organelle. Cells homozygous for hypoangular 1 (hpo1) alleles, assemble multiple oral apparatuses positioned either to the left or right flanking the normal oral longitude. We identified HPO1 as a gene encoding an ARMC9-like protein. Hpo1 colocalizes with ciliary basal bodies, forming a bilateral concentration gradient with the high point on the cells right side and a sharp drop-off that marks the longitude at which oral development initiates on the ventral side. Hpo1 acts to exclude oral development from the cells right side. Hpo1 interacts with the Beige-Beach domain protein Bcd1, a cells left side-enriched factor, whose loss also confers formation of multiple oral apparatuses. A loss of both Hpo1 and Bcd1 is lethal and profoundly disrupts both positioning and organization of the forming oral apparatus (including its internal left-right polarity). We conclude that in ciliates, the circumferential/chiral patterning involves gradient-forming factors that are concentrated on either the cells right or left side and that the two sides of the cortex interact to create boundary effects that induce, position and shape developing cortical organelles.