Opioids modulate Curiosity-Driven Exploration in Music
Curiosity, a key driver of exploration and learning, is reinforced by reward-related neurochemical systems, yet the role of the opioidergic system in modulating this behavior remains unclear. Music, as a highly rewarding stimulus, offers a unique context to investigate the neurochemical basis of curiosity, particularly the unexplored role of opioids in music-driven exploration. To fill this gap, we performed a double-blind within-subject pharmacological design, in which 26 participants received, in two different sessions, either a placebo or the opioid antagonist naltrexone. During each session, participants engaged in a music exploration/exploitation trade-off paradigm designed to assess their willingness to pay for exploring unfamiliar electronic music. Using logistic regression mixed-effects models, we found that while naltrexone did not affect overall curiosity ratings, it significantly reduced exploratory behavior in states of heightened curiosity. These findings suggest that the opioidergic system plays a critical role in regulating the relationship between curiosity and exploration, particularly in the context of novel and rewarding stimuli like music. Overall, the present research provides new and compelling evidence on the important relationship between curiosity and exploration and its regulation with the opioidergic neurotransmitter subsystem. Significance StatementThe present research aimed to advance our understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying curiosity and information seeking. In our study, we employed a pharmacological design to examine the role of the opioidergic system in music-related exploration. Using a novel music exploration/exploitation paradigm, we found that while naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, did not affect baseline curiosity ratings, it markedly reduced exploratory behavior during high-curiosity states in the presence of potential monetary losses. These results provide new evidence that opioidergic modulation plays a critical role in regulating curiosity-driven exploration. This new evidence might be relevant in the future for better understanding how neurochemical systems shape learning, motivation, and affective responses in complex cognitive domains such as music.