Mild uncoupling of mitochondria synergistically enhances senolytic specificity and sensitivity of BH3 mimetics
Anti-senescence interventions are exceptionally effective in alleviating a wide range of age-associated diseases and disabilities. However, the sensitivity and specificity of current senolytic interventions are limited. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an integral part of the senescent phenotype and we demonstrate that specific loss of complex I-linked coupled respiration and the inability to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential upon respiratory stimulation are early and persistent features in a cells progression towards senescence. We thus identify senescence-associated mitochondrial dysfunction as a targetable vulnerability of senescent cells and show that further decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential of senescent cells with a low concentration of a mitochondrial uncoupler synergistically enhances the in vitro senolytic efficacy of BH3 mimetic drugs, including Navitoclax, by up two orders of magnitude. Moreover, in an in vivo mouse model of radiation-induced premature ageing, we show that a short-term intervention combining the mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 with Navitoclax at a dose two orders of magnitude lower than typically used reduces frailty and improves cognitive function for at least 8 months after irradiation. Therefore our study shows that compromised mitochondrial functional capacity is a specific vulnerability of senescent cells which can be targeted by mild uncoupling in vitro and in vivo.