Biology subjects

Casartelli, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Casartelli, M..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

The gut bacterial community of black soldier fly larvae is a reservoir of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes

1.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global health. Agricultural practices that have contributed greatly to AMR spread urgently require innovation to address this issue, and more broadly challenges of sustainability and environmental concern. The larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens, are considered a promising resource for advancing sustainable and circular agri-food systems given their ability to bioconvert organic waste streams into protein-and lipid-rich biomass suitable for feed applications and the use of the rearing residues (i.e., frass) as organic fertilisers. However, despite their emerging industrial applications, the risks of antibiotic resistance spread through their use remain underexplored. To elucidate this aspect, the profiles of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs), and their occurrence on plasmids were predicted from the midgut bacterial community of BSFL. Shotgun metagenomics revealed candidate resistance genes for 26 classes of antibiotics, and virulence via 9 mechanisms (with mobility and biofilm formation as major ones), with taxa belonging to the Pseudomonadota phylum as the dominant contributors. Highly relevant to public health was the identification of genes encoding resistance to carbapenem class antibiotics in bacterial genomes and mobile plasmids. Reconstruction of metagenomes enabled more precise taxonomic resolution and revealed taxa harbouring multiple resistance and virulence genes, including a Pseudomonas species with 42 VFs and 7 ARGs. Notably, for the first time antibiotic resistant bacterial species were isolated from the gut microbiota of BSFL, validating and complementing the results obtained in silico. Together, this work represents a comprehensive profile of the BSFL midgut bacterial resistome, while also providing relevant context on virulence and mobility. Importantly, it emphasises the urgent need to adopt strategies to mitigate potential risks arising from the development of emerging technologies related to the use of insect-mediated bioconversion and derived products.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

Drosophila melanogaster as a platform for the functional expression of engineered PET-degrading enzymes

Insects offer promising opportunities for organic waste bioconversion; however, they cannot efficiently degrade synthetic polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Here, we generated transgenic Drosophila melanogaster lines to express in vitro-evolved variants of two PET-degrading enzymes with distinct biochemical properties: an engineered Ideonella sakaiensis PETase variant (TS-{Delta}IsPET) and a leaf-branch compost cutinase variant (TA-{Delta}LCC). Both enzymes, fused to a Drosophila gut-derived secretory signal, were produced and secreted by both Drosophila cultured S2R+ cells and transgenic larvae. Both enzymes were glycosylated upon secretion, a post-translational modification that did not abolish their catalytic activity. Notably, TA-{Delta}LCC displayed [~]6-fold higher esterase activity than TS-{Delta}IsPET in larval extracts and TA-{Delta}LCC-containing extracts depolymerised PET nanoparticles in vitro under enzyme-favourable conditions. Transgenic flies showed normal development, fertility and survival. Morphological and biochemical analysis confirmed that TA-{Delta}LCC expression did not alter midgut structure and function. Together, these results establish Drosophila melanogaster as a model for functional expression and comparative evaluation of engineered PET-degrading enzymes and identify TA-{Delta}LCC as a promising candidate for exploitation in insect species relevant to plastic contaminated waste bioconversion. HighlightsO_LITransgenic D. melanogaster enables in vivo study of engineered PET enzymes C_LIO_LIEngineered TS-{Delta}IsPET and TA-{Delta}LCC are functional in larval extracts C_LIO_LITA-{Delta}LCC was selected for PET nanoparticle assays due to higher pNPA activity C_LIO_LID. melanogaster model enables comparative evaluation of PET-degrading enzymes C_LI

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Glacier retreat reshapes trophic networks: interaction turnover outpaces species turnover over space-time

As glaciers retreat worldwide, newly exposed terrains are rapidly colonized by plants and their associated animal communities. Although plant-animal interactions are key for biodiversity maintenance and ecosystem functioning, the ecological processes underlying the assembly and development of trophic interactions over space-time remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the trophic niche structure of plant-arthropod interactions along a 140-year primary succession at Mont Mine glacier foreland (Switzerland). Using arthropod gut-content DNA metabarcoding, we reconstructed trophic interactions at the food web level, revealing numerous previously undetected links among 284 arthropod taxa feeding on 263 plant taxa. Trophic niche overlap among arthropods increased following glacier retreat, indicating decreasing resource partitioning and suggesting increased resource competition. Trophic niche breadth became narrower and diet species richness declined, indicating increased trophic specialization. Notably, changes in trophic interactions occurred more rapidly than shifts in species diversity or community composition of plants and arthropods. These results demonstrate that glacier retreat reorganizes trophic networks beyond simple species turnover, reshaping biotic interactions during ecosystem development. Our findings highlight trophic interactions as sensitive indicators of biodiversity change and suggest that the stability of emerging food webs may be strongly affected as glaciers vanish worldwide.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2026

Pathogen priming reveals host immune training and microbiome conditioning in corals

UNSTRUCTURED ABSTRACTIn several species, vaccine-like approaches, where hosts are primed through controlled pathogen exposure, have proven effective in enhancing responses to subsequent infections. This principle remains unexplored in corals. Here, we demonstrate that chronic exposure to non-lethal concentrations of live or inactivated Vibrio coralliilyticus primes the coral holobiont to counter subsequent infections under heat stress. Non-primed corals experienced greater heat stress pathogen-driven bleaching and a significant decline in their photosynthetic efficiency compared to primed samples. These results were linked to microbiome conditioning and host gene expression modulation, including a layered, fine-tuned immune and cellular response to microbial invasion. This proof-of-concept challenges strictly innate immune responses in corals and positions immune priming and microbiome conditioning as integrated mechanisms of coral holobiont resilience. Together, these findings can contribute to redefine coral immunity concepts and lay the groundwork for developing new microbiome-based strategies to enhance coral health for reef conservation under climate change. LAY SUMMARYCoral reefs are increasingly threatened by rising seawater temperatures and disease. Unlike vertebrates, corals do not possess a classical adaptive immune system, so they have been thought to rely only on innate defenses. However, our study shows that corals may be more capable than previously believed. We demonstrate that exposing corals to non-lethal doses of a widespread bacterial pathogen can train them to better withstand subsequent infections under heat stress. Corals that were not pre-exposed suffered more pathogen caused bleaching and showed a stronger decline in physiological performance, while those that were primed were more resilient. This improved resistance appears to come from two coordinated processes. First, the corals associated bacterial community shifted in a way that seems to help protect the host. Second, the coral itself adjusted its gene expression, mounting a more effective and controlled response to infection. These findings suggest that corals may be able to remember past exposures and respond more effectively to future infections, even without a traditional adaptive immune system, providing a foundation for developing new strategies to support coral resilience.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Modular metagenomic analysis of pan-domain symbioses with MAGUS

Metagenomic analysis of deeply sequenced, eukaryotic-dominant symbiotic communities can be difficult for many metagenomic workflows. Here, we present MAGUS, a bioinformatic toolkit that uses a suite of custom bioinformatic methods for iterative genome assembly and filtering of pan-domain communities, where eukaryotes, bacteria, viruses, and functionally annotated gene catalogs are resolved and analyzed over a series of interconnected, modular software components. We evaluated MAGUS using deeply sequenced (median depth: 579 million reads) ten samples of hard corals, soft corals, and hydrozoans, which comprise complex, eukaryote-dominated symbiotic communities. We successfully resolved phylogenetically comparable host (N = 10), algal (N = 6), bacterial (N = 55), and viral (N = 160,925) genomes, as well as a gene catalog comprising 15,369,684 non-redundant genes (7.6% functionally annotated). MAGUS is available on GitHub (https://github.com/two-frontiers-project/2FP_MAGUS/).

bioinformatics↗