Casagranda, F. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2020

Low levels of Grainy head isoforms regulate Drosophila midgut intestinal stem cell differentiation

Regeneration of the Drosophila midgut epithelium depends upon differential expression of transcription factors in intestinal stem cells and their progeny. The grainy head locus produces multiple splice forms that result in production of two classes of transcription factor, designated Grh.O and Grh.N. grainy head expression is associated with epithelial tissue and has roles in epidermal development and regeneration but had not been examined for a function in the midgut epithelium. Null mutant clones had a limited effect on intestinal stem cell (ISC) maintenance and proliferation, but specific loss of the Grh.O isoform results in loss of ISCs from the epithelium. This was confirmed by generation of a new Grh.O mutant to control for genetic background effects. Grh.O mutant ISCs were not lost due to cell death but were forced to differentiate. Ectopic expression of the Grh.N isoform also resulted in ISC differentiation suggesting that the two isoforms act in an opposing manner. Grh.O expression must be tightly regulated as high-level ectopic expression in enteroblasts, but not ISCs, resulted in cells with confused identity and promoted excess proliferation in the epithelium. Thus, midgut regeneration is not only dependent upon signalling pathways that regulate transcription factor expression, but also upon regulated mRNA splicing of these genes.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2020

Musashi regulates follicle stem cell maintenance and epithelial niche homeostasis in the Drosophila ovary

The Drosophila ovary is regenerated from germline and somatic stem cell populations that have provided fundamental conceptual understanding on how adult stem cells are regulated within their niches. Recent ovarian transcriptomic studies have failed to identify mRNAs that are specific to follicle stem cells (FSCs), suggesting that their fate may be regulated post-transcriptionally. We have identified that the RNA-binding protein, Musashi (Msi) is required for maintaining the stem cell state of FSCs. Loss of msi function results in stem cell loss, not due to cell death, but mutant FSCs upregulate Lamin C, indicating a change in differentiation state. In msi mutant ovaries, Lamin C upregulation was also observed in posterior escort cells and mutant somatic cells within regions 2/3 were dysfunctional, as evidenced by the presence of germline cyst collisions and fused egg chambers. The msi locus produces two classes of mRNAs (long and short). We show that FSC maintenance and escort cell function specifically requires the long transcripts, thus providing the first evidence of isoform-specific regulation in a population of Drosophila epithelial cells. We further demonstrate that although male germline stem cells have previously been shown to require Msi function to prevent differentiation this is not the case for female germline stem cells, indicating that these similar stem cell types have different requirements for Msi, in addition to the differential use of Msi isoforms between soma and germline.

developmental biology↗