Are carbohydrate ring distortions determined by biology or crystallography? The impact of experimental conditions on structural data
Carbohydrates are essential molecules involved in a wide range of biological processes. While their structural representation in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has been hindered due to their highly diverse and flexible nature, advancements on X-ray crystallography and CryoEM are accelerating the obtaining of their experimental structures, which in turn supports improved analyses of their structural properties, such as the role of their non-chair conformations on biological processes. In this context, the current work provides a comprehensive and up to date overview of carbohydrate structures within the PDB through classification, quantification, and characterization of monosaccharides and glycan chains, incorporating Cremer-Pople puckering coordinates to evaluate pyranose conformations. Our findings show that, even with a steep increase in CryoEM structures including more complex oligosaccharides, carbohydrate data remains concentrate dinsmallglycanchains, with a about 4% of non-chair conformation sintopresolution structures. Free energy landscapes for the pyranose ring in the presence and absence of nine different binding proteins, including both enzymes and non-enzymes, reinforce the preferred stability of chairs and the rarity of conformational induction upon binding.