Biology subjects

Bycroft, C.

Publications and source records attributed to Bycroft, C..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

AlphaGenome: advancing regulatory variant effect prediction with a unified DNA sequence model

Deep learning models that predict functional genomic measurements from DNA sequence are powerful tools for deciphering the genetic regulatory code. Existing methods trade off between input sequence length and prediction resolution, thereby limiting their modality scope and performance. We present AlphaGenome, which takes as input 1 megabase of DNA sequence and predicts thousands of functional genomic tracks up to single base pair resolution across diverse modalities - including gene expression, transcription initiation, chromatin accessibility, histone modifications, transcription factor binding, chro- matin contact maps, splice site usage, and splice junction coordinates and strength. Trained on human and mouse genomes, AlphaGenome matches or exceeds the strongest respective available external models on 24 out of 26 evaluations on variant effect prediction. AlphaGenomes ability to simultaneously score variant effects across all modalities accurately recapitulates the mechanisms of clinically-relevant variants near the TAL1 oncogene. To facilitate broader use, we provide tools for making genome track and variant effect predictions from sequence.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2018

Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe

European populations display low genetic diversity as the result of long term blending of the small number of ancient founding ancestries. However it is still unclear how the combination of ancient ancestries related to early European foragers, Neolithic farmers and Bronze Age nomadic pastoralists can fully explain genetic variation across Europe. Populations in natural crossroads like the Italian peninsula are expected to recapitulate the overall continental diversity, but to date have been systematically understudied. Here we characterised the ancestry profiles of modern-day Italian populations using a genome-wide dataset representative of modern and ancient samples from across Italy, Europe and the rest of the world. Italian genomes captured several ancient signatures, including a non-steppe related substantial ancestry contribution ultimately from the Caucasus. Differences in ancestry composition as the result of migration and admixture generated in Italy the largest degree of population structure detected so far in the continent and shaped the amount of Neanderthal DNA present in modern-day populations.\n\nOne sentence summaryAncient and historical admixture events shaped the genetic structure of modern-day Italians, the ancestry profile of Southern European populations and the continental distribution of Neanderthal legacy.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2018

Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula

Genetic differences within or between human populations (population structure) has been studied using a variety of approaches over many years. Recently there has been an increasing focus on studying genetic differentiation at fine geographic scales, such as within countries. Identifying such structure allows the study of recent population history, and identifies the potential for confounding in association studies, particularly when testing rare, often recently arisen variants. The Iberian Peninsula is linguistically diverse, has a complex demographic history, and is unique among European regions in having a centuries-long period of Muslim rule. Previous genetic studies of Spain have examined either a small fraction of the genome or only a few Spanish regions. Thus, the overall pattern of fine-scale population structure within Spain remains uncharacterised. Here we analyse genome-wide genotyping array data for 1,413 Spanish individuals sampled from all regions of Spain. We identify extensive fine-scale structure, down to unprecedented scales, smaller than 10 Km in some places. We observe a major axis of genetic differentiation that runs from east to west of the peninsula. In contrast, we observe remarkable genetic similarity in the north-south direction, and evidence of historical north-south population movement. Finally, without making particular prior assumptions about source populations, we show that modern Spanish people have regionally varying fractions of ancestry from a group most similar to modern north Moroccans. The north African ancestry results from an admixture event, which we date to 860 - 1120 CE, corresponding to the early half of Muslim rule. Our results indicate that it is possible to discern clear genetic impacts of the Muslim conquest and population movements associated with the subsequent Reconquista.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2017

Genome-wide genetic data on ~500,000 UK Biobank participants

The UK Biobank project is a large prospective cohort study of ~500,000 individuals from across the United Kingdom, aged between 40-69 at recruitment. A rich variety of phenotypic and health-related information is available on each participant, making the resource unprecedented in its size and scope. Here we describe the genome-wide genotype data (~805,000 markers) collected on all individuals in the cohort and its quality control procedures. Genotype data on this scale offers novel opportunities for assessing quality issues, although the wide range of ancestries of the individuals in the cohort also creates particular challenges. We also conducted a set of analyses that reveal properties of the genetic data - such as population structure and relatedness - that can be important for downstream analyses. In addition, we phased and imputed genotypes into the dataset, using computationally efficient methods combined with the Haplotype Reference Consortium (HRC) and UK10K haplotype resource. This increases the number of testable variants by over 100-fold to ~96 million variants. We also imputed classical allelic variation at 11 human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, and as a quality control check of this imputation, we replicate signals of known associations between HLA alleles and many common diseases. We describe tools that allow efficient genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of multiple traits and fast phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS), which work together with a new compressed file format that has been used to distribute the dataset. As a further check of the genotyped and imputed datasets, we performed a test-case genome-wide association scan on a well-studied human trait, standing height.

genetics↗