A Microsporidian blocks Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes
Malaria imposes an enormous burden on sub-Saharan Africa, and evidence that incidence could be starting to increase again1 suggests the limits of currently applied control strategies have now been reached. A possible novel control approach involves the dissemination in mosquitoes of inherited symbiotic microbes to block transmission. This strategy is exemplified by the use of transmission-blocking Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti against dengue virus2-7. However, in the Anopheles gambiae complex, the primary African vectors of malaria, there limited reports of inherited symbionts with transmission-blocking capacity8-10. Here we show that a newly discovered vertically transmitted species of Microsporidia symbiont in the An. gambiae complex blocks Plasmodium transmission. Microsporidia MB is present at moderate prevalence in geographically dispersed populations of An. arabienesis in Kenya, localized to the mosquito midgut and ovaries, and is not associated with significant reductions in adult host fecundity or survival. Field collected Microsporidia MB-infected An. arabiensis were never found to harbor P. falciparum gametocytes and on experimental infection with P. falciparum no sporozoites could be detected in Microsporidia MB-infected mosquitos. As a Plasmodium transmission-blocking microbe that is non-virulent and vertically transmitted, Microsporidia MB could be exploited as a novel malaria control tool.