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bioRxiv2026

Altered follicular immunity in secondary lymphoid organs is associated with interferon hyperactivity in Down syndrome

Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is characterized by chronic interferon-associated inflammation and immune dysregulation, yet the contribution of human secondary lymphoid organs to shaping this immune landscape remains unclear. Using multimodal single-cell and spatial profiling of human tonsils, we identify extensive remodeling of immune organization in trisomy 21. CD4 T cells are skewed away from canonical follicular helper (TFH) programs toward inflammatory TFH1-like and cytotoxic helper states enriched for interferon-responsive transcriptional programs. Tonsillar TFH cells exhibit increased interferon-{gamma} and interleukin-21 production, indicating inflammatory skewing toward type 1 helper immunity. These alterations are accompanied by changes in dendritic cell and CD8 T-cell compartments, reduced follicular size, increased extrafollicular TFH1-B-cell proximity and altered B-cell differentiation trajectories. Together, our findings identify trisomy 21 as a unique human context to investigate how chronic interferon-associated inflammation reshapes lymphoid tissue organization and adaptive immune cell fate decisions.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

Stratigraphic distribution of ammonoids and other macrofossils from the upper Albian-lower Cenomanian interval in Putumayo, Colombia, northern South America: new data for mid-Cretaceous basin correlation

Despite the rich paleontological heritage of Colombia, in the equatorial Neotropics, one of the least explored regions in terms of its fossil record is the Putumayo region near Ecuador, largely due to its considerable ground cover, thick vegetation, rock weathering, geographic remoteness, and overall inaccessibility to well-exposed outcrops. This precludes detailed comparisons with neighboring basins, and thus the generation of more comprehensive biostratigraphic correlations for western northern South America and other paleobiogeographic regions, e.g., Mediterranean Tethys, northern Africa, Western Interior Basin. Here, we report 67 occurrences of mid- Cretaceous ammonoids and other macrofossils (e.g., bivalves, decapod crustaceans, fish remains, plant remains), from the middle Albian of the uppermost Caballos Formation and the upper Albian-lower Cenomanian of the lower Villeta Formation, collected in-situ from a stratigraphic section cropping out on the Mocoa-San Francisco road in the Department of Putumayo, Colombia. Among the ammonoid taxa recovered are several morphotypes assignable to ?Schloenbachia sp., cf. Engonoceras sp., Oxytropidoceras (Venezoliceras) sp., Oxytropidoceras (Laraiceras) sp., cf. Oxytropidoceras sp., Mortoniceras (Mortoniceras) cf. vespertinum, Mortoniceras (Mortoniceras) sp., Algericeras sp., Hysteroceras sp. 1, Hysteroceras sp. 2, cf, Hysteroceras sp., cf. Forbesiceras sp., Graysonites sp., Hamites sp., and two isolated aptychi. The occurrence of the ammonoid genera Oxytropidoceras, Mortoniceras, and Schloenbachia, suggest interconnection of the Putumayo Basin during the mid-Cretaceous with the Upper Magdalena Valley in Colombia and the Oriente Basin in Ecuador, which, together with the rest of the ammonoid assemblage, provide biostratigraphic data to define the upper Albian-lower Cenomanian in the basin and thus in northwestern South America.

paleontology↗