Biology subjects

Burra, G.

Publications and source records attributed to Burra, G..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2022

Dityrosine cross-links are present in Alzheimer's disease-derived tau oligomers and paired helical filaments (PHF) which promotes the stability of PHF-core tau (297-391) in vitro.

A characteristic hallmark of Alzheimers Disease (AD) is the pathological aggregation and deposition of tau into paired helical filaments (PHF) in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Oxidative stress is an early event during AD pathogenesis and is associated with tau-mediated AD pathology. Oxidative environments can result in the formation of covalent dityrosine crosslinks that can increase protein stability and insolubility. Dityrosine cross-linking has been shown to occur in vivo in A{beta} plaques and -synuclein aggregates in Lewy bodies, and this modification may increase the insolubility of these aggregates and their resistance to degradation. Using the PHF-core tau fragment (residues 297 - 391) as a model, we have previously demonstrated that dityrosine formation traps tau assemblies to reduce further elongation. However, it is unknown whether dityrosine crosslinks are found in tau deposits in vivo in AD and its relevance to disease mechanism is unclear. Here, using transmission electron microscope (TEM) double immunogold-labelling, we reveal that neurofibrillary NFTs in AD are heavily decorated with dityrosine crosslinks alongside tau. Single immunogold-labelling TEM and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed the presence of dityrosine on AD brain-derived tau oligomers and fibrils. Using the tau (297-391) PHF-core fragment as a model, we further showed that prefibrillar tau species are more amenable to dityrosine crosslinking than tau fibrils. Dityrosine formation results in heat and SDS stability of oxidised prefibrillar and fibrillar tau assemblies. This finding has implications for understanding the mechanism governing the insolubility and toxicity of tau assemblies in vivo.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2022

GNNQQNY: Methodology for biophysical and structural understanding of aggregation

GNNQQNY sequence offers crucial information about the formation and structure of an amyloid fibril. In this study, we demonstrate a reproducible solubilisation protocol where the reduction of pH to 2.0 resulted in the generation of GNNQQNY monomers. The subsequent ultracentrifugation step removes the residual insoluble peptide from the homogeneous solution. This procedure ensures and allows the peptides to remain monomers till their aggregation is triggered by adjusting the pH to 7.2. The aggregation kinetics analysis showed a distinct lag-phase that is concentration-dependent, indicating nucleation-dependent aggregation kinetics. Nucleation kinetics analysis suggested a critical nucleus of size [~]7 monomers at physiological conditions. The formed nucleus acts as a template for further self-assembly leading to the formation of highly ordered amyloid fibrils. These findings suggest that the proposed solubilisation protocol provides the basis for understanding the kinetics and thermodynamics of amyloid nucleation and elongation in GNNQQNY sequences. This procedure can also be used for solubilising such small amyloidogenic sequences for their biophysical studies.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

Nucleation-dependent aggregation kinetics of Yeast Sup35 fragment GNNQQNY

An N-terminal hepta-peptide sequence of yeast prion protein Sup35 with the sequence GNNQQNY serves as an ideal model for structural understanding of amyloid assembly and kinetics. In this study, we used a reproducible solubilisation protocol that allows the generation of homogenous monomeric solution of GNNQQNY to understand the molecular details of its self-assembly mechanism. The aggregation kinetics data show that the GNNQQNY sequences follow nucleation-dependent aggregation kinetics with a critical nucleus of size ~7 monomers and that the size and efficiency of nucleation was found to be inversely related to the reaction temperature. The generated nucleus reduces the thermodynamic energy barrier by acting as a template for further self-assembly and results in highly ordered amyloid fibrils. The fibers grown at different temperatures showed similar Thioflavin T positivity, Congo red binding and {beta}-sheet rich structures displaying a characteristic cross-{beta} diffraction pattern. These aggregates also share morphological and structural identity with those reported earlier. The mature GNNQQNY fibers exerted no significant oxidative stress or cytotoxicity upon incubating with differentiated SHSY5Y cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to experimentally validate previous predictions based on theoretical and molecular dynamics simulations. These findings will provide the basis for understanding the kinetics and thermodynamics of amyloid nucleation and elongation of amyloidogenic systems associated with many systemic and neurodegenerative diseases.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

Dityrosine cross-link trapping of amyloid-β intermediates reveals that self-assembly is required for Aβ-induced cytotoxicity

Multiple chemical reactions, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to dityrosine (DiY) formation via the cross-linking of closely spaced tyrosine residues and this can serve as a marker for aging. Amyloid-{beta} (A{beta}) has been found to be DiY cross-linked in the brains of AD patients. In vitro, A{beta} forms DiY cross-links via metal-catalysed oxidation (Cu2+ and H202) (MCO) leading to the formation of fibrils that are resistant to formic acid denaturation. However, copper is well known to influence and enhance self-assembly. Here, to investigate the interplay between self-assembly and DiY cross-linking we have utilised a non-assembly competent variant of A{beta} (vA{beta}). MCO and UV oxidation experiments using vA{beta} and wild-type A{beta}, revealed that DiY cross-linking stabilises, but does not induce or promote A{beta} assembly. Cu2+ alone, without H202, facilitates the formation and DiY cross-linking of wild-type A{beta} into long-lived oligomers. Our work reveals DiY formation halts further A{beta} self-assembly. DiY cross-linked A{beta} is non-toxic to neuroblastoma cells at all stages of self-assembly in contrast to oligomeric non-cross-linked A{beta}. These findings point to a mechanism of toxicity that necessitates continuing self-assembly of the A{beta} peptide, whereby trapped DiY A{beta} assemblies and assembly incompetent variant A{beta} are unable to result in cell death.

biochemistry↗