Burmoelle, M. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2024

Reconciling the importance of minerals for propagation of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment

The role of mineral surfaces in environmental processes, particularly their influence on DNA preservation, biofilm formation, and genetic transfer, has garnered attention due to its implications for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARg). Despite the recognized significance of mineral-mediated DNA transfer, this mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the intricate interplay between soil minerals, bacteria, and DNA, to better understand the mechanisms driving ARg propagation in natural environments. We here study the uptake of mineral adsorbed DNA into the natural competent bacteria b. subtilis and further explore the influence of minerals on the viability and subsequent biofilm formation of both b. subtilis and A. baylyi. We further adsorbed DNA to mineral surfaces and allowed biofilm formation while monitoring the propagation of the ARg through out the biofilms. All the results are set in context of mineral surface properties such as surface charge, charge densities and surface area. Our results showed that the surface properties of the mineral surfaces are highly influencing the transformation efficiencies, viability and biofilm formation where in particular a high number of positive charged surface sites enhance biofilm formation and viability and inhibit transformation. The influence of the mineral surfaces diminishes as the biofilm develops and propagation of mineral adsorbed ARg are seen widely across the mineral surfaces. Our results have implication for mitigations strategies and reconcile mineral surfaces as hot spots for the propagation of antibiotic resistance-which indeed can be driven by transformation in the absence of bacteria carrying the traits. In principle all it takes is one successful transfer event from a mineral adsorbed ARg.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Sedimentary DNA can influence evolution:Establishing mineral facilitated horizontal gene transfer as a route to bacterial fitness

Horizontal gene transfer is one of the most important drivers of bacterial evolution. Transformation by uptake of extracellular DNA is traditionally not considered to be an effective mode of gene acquisition, simply because extracellular DNA is degraded in a matter of days when it is suspended in e.g. seawater. Mineral surfaces are, however, known to preserve DNA in the environment, and sedimentary ancient DNA studies have solidified that there are considerable amounts of fragmented DNA stored in sediments world-wide. Recently the age span of stored DNA was increased to at least 2 Ma. Here, we highlight that fragmented ancient DNA can be fueling the evolution of contemporary bacteria and advocate to consider this route for genetic variation in evolutionary history. We show that Acinetobacter baylyi can incorporate 60 bp DNA fragments adsorbed to a wide range of common sedimentary minerals and that the transformation frequencies scale with the mineral surface properties. Further, our results point to interfacial geochemical and sedimentologic processes as facilitators of evolutionary innovation where DNA-molecules are specific to the environment and the processes providing new DNA molecules may also provide the need to evolve. In contrast to heritable stochastic mutations as proposed by Darwin, the access by which bacteria acquire new genomic material at times with increased stress and also needs, would indicate a non-random mechanism that may propel evolution in a non-stochastic manner.

evolutionary biology↗