Biology subjects

Brouwer, M. S. M.

Publications and source records attributed to Brouwer, M. S. M..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Exploring differences across pangenome-graph representations using Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model

Pangenome graphs are increasingly used to represent population-scale bacterial diversity, yet construction methods span fundamentally different representation paradigms whose outputs and sensitivities to assembly quality remain poorly quantified. We systematically reviewed microbial pangenome graph tools and benchmarked six representative methods spanning gene-cluster, compacted coloured de Bruijn graph (ccDBG), multiple sequence alignment, and hybrid approaches. Using a repeat-rich Escherichia coli O157:H7 dataset with complete genomes and matched short-read data, we constructed graphs from identical inputs and observed orders-of-magnitude differences in graph size and fragmentation, indicating that global topology is driven by representation strategy. Varying completeness composition revealed that assembly fragmentation is a first-order determinant of graph structure: gene-cluster graphs contracted as draft assemblies replaced complete genomes, whereas unitig graphs expanded, with distinct degree-prevalence fingerprints across tools. Computational cost mirrored these shifts and depended strongly on completeness composition, including a pronounced runtime penalty for one ccDBG implementation on all-draft inputs. Finally, analysis of Shiga toxin loci showed that pangenome-level reconciliation does not reliably correct assembly artefacts at challenging multi-copy genes and that performance varies by locus. Together, these findings show that pangenome graphs are representation-dependent models of bacterial diversity, and that assembly completeness is a primary determinant of their topology, scalability, and locus-level accuracy. Authors SummaryBacterial populations are often described using "pangenome graphs," which aim to capture all genetic variation across many genomes in a single structure. However, different tools build these graphs in fundamentally different ways, and little is known about how those differences affect the results. In this study, we systematically compared several widely used approaches using a clinically important strain of Escherichia coli that is rich in repeated and mobile DNA. We found that the size, connectivity, and overall structure of the resulting graphs varied dramatically depending on the method used. Importantly, we also show that incomplete genome assemblies (common in large sequencing studies) strongly alter graph structure, and that different tools respond to incomplete data in different ways. In some cases, this affects the detection of medically relevant genes, including Shiga toxin genes linked to severe disease. Our results demonstrate that pangenome graphs are not interchangeable representations of bacterial diversity. Instead, their structure depends on both the method and the quality of the input data. We argue that researchers should choose graph-building tools carefully and report structural properties explicitly to ensure reproducible and interpretable results.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Characterization of genetically novel chimeric plasmids from Salmonella Heidelberg conferring multi-drug resistance and increased pathogenicity

Salmonella enterica serotype Heidelberg (S. Heidelberg) is a significant cause of human salmonellosis, with resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins posing challenges for clinical management. In this study, we genetically and functionally characterized six plasmids isolated from distinct PFGE-types of S. Heidelberg previously reported in The Netherlands, revealing a chimeric IncC-I1a plasmid that shares similarities with the epidemic pESI plasmid identified in emergent S. Infantis isolates. Our analysis showed the accumulation of genetic determinants conferring resistance to antibiotics (blaCMY-2, tetA and sul2) and heavy metals (mer operon), as well as enhanced pathogenicity (Yersinia high-pathogenicity island). All these elements are located on a stable non-conjugative but likely mobilizable plasmid backbone that imposes only a marginal fitness cost on its bacterial host. This convergence of multidrug resistance and pathogenicity likely enhances bacterial adaptability and virulence, undermining control strategies based solely on reducing selective pressure. The emergence and dissemination of such hybrid plasmids represent an increasing threat to both public and animal health, analogous to that posed by pESI-like plasmids, and underscore the urgent need for integrated genomic surveillance and risk assessment, as their continued expansion could complicate antimicrobial therapy and containment efforts during Salmonella outbreaks.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

CArP - CApture-based sequencing for Pathogen surveillance in complex matrices

This study highlights the development and application of a novel capture-based long-read sequencing approach, CArP, designed to benefit pathogen surveillance. This combines targeted gene enrichment with the contextual insights of long-read sequencing, providing a highly efficient and flexible approach for pathogen detection. In this initial version, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes are utilized as marker genes that improve sequencing sensitivity. This allowed the detection of bacteria in broiler caecal content samples that carried resistance genes for critical antibiotics, including macrolides and quinolones. These specific AMR genes would have remained undetected when traditional metagenomic shotgun sequencing would have been applied, as it failed to detect these genes and therefore putative pathogens. This demonstrates the potential to detect and characterize pathogens more effectively compared to traditional sequencing strategies. The modular design of CArP furthermore demonstrates expansion with additional marker genes, such as viral or fungal markers, that can enable broader pathogen coverage. Taken together, this approach allows to advance pathogen detection and can contribute to global efforts in pandemic preparedness and the subsequent response.

genomics↗