Biology subjects

Brady, D.

Publications and source records attributed to Brady, D..

26 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2020

Motor and non-motor sequence prediction is equally affected in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are diagnosed based on motor difficulties. However, they also exhibit difficulties in several other cognitive domains, including visuospatial processing, executive functioning and attention. One account of the difficulties seen in DCD proposes an impairment in internal forward modelling, i.e., the ability to (i) detect regularities of a repetitive perceptual or motor pattern, (ii) predict future outcomes of motor actions, and (iii) adapt behaviour accordingly. Using electroencephalographic recordings, the present study aimed to delineate these different aspects of internal forward modelling across several domains. To this end, 24 children with DCD and 23 typically-developing children (aged 7-10 years) completed a serial prediction task in the visual, temporal, spatial and motor domains. This task required them to learn short sequences and to indicate whether a sequence was disrupted towards its end. Analyses revealed that, across all domains, children with DCD showed poorer discrimination between intact and disrupted sequences, accompanied by a delayed late parietal positivity elicited by disrupted sequences. These results indicate an impairment in explicit sequence discrimination in DCD across motor and cognitive domains. However, there is no evidence for an impairment in implicit performance on the motor task in DCD. These results suggest an impairment of the updating of an internal forward model in DCD resulting in a blurred representation of that model and consequently in a reduced ability to detect regularities in the environment (e.g., sequences). Such a detailed understanding of internal forward modelling in DCD could help to explain the wide range of co-occurring difficulties experienced by those with a diagnosis of DCD.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

A divergent cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase complex controls the atypical replication of Plasmodium berghei during gametogony and parasite transmission.

Cell cycle transitions are generally triggered by variation in the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) bound to cyclins. Malaria-causing parasites have a life cycle with unique cell-division cycles, and a repertoire of divergent CDKs and cyclins of poorly understood function and interdependency. We show that Plasmodium berghei CDK-related kinase 5 (CRK5), is a critical regulator of atypical mitosis in the gametogony and is required for mosquito transmission. It phosphorylates canonical CDK motifs of components in the pre-replicative complex and is essential for DNA replication. During a replicative cycle, CRK5 stably interacts with a single Plasmodium-specific cyclin (SOC2), although we obtained no evidence of SOC2 cycling by transcription, translation or degradation. Our results provide evidence that during Plasmodium male gametogony, this divergent cyclin/CDK pair fills the functional space of other eukaryotic cell-cycle kinases controlling DNA replication.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Real-time dynamics of Plasmodium NDC80 as a marker for the kinetochore during atypical mitosis and meiosis

Eukaryotic cell proliferation requires chromosome replication and precise segregation to ensure daughter cells have identical genomic copies. The genus Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, displays remarkable aspects of nuclear division throughout its lifecycle to meet some peculiar and unique challenges of DNA replication and chromosome segregation. The parasite undergoes atypical endomitosis and endoreduplication with an intact nuclear membrane and intranuclear mitotic spindle. To understand these diverse modes of Plasmodium cell division, we have studied the behaviour and composition of the outer kinetochore NDC80 complex, a key part of the mitotic apparatus that attaches the centromere of chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic spindle. Using NDC80-GFP live-cell imaging in Plasmodium berghei we observe dynamic spatiotemporal changes during proliferation, including highly unusual kinetochore arrangements during sexual stages. We identify a very divergent candidate for the SPC24 subunit of the NDC80 complex, previously thought to be missing in Plasmodium, which completes a canonical, albeit unusual, NDC80 complex structure. Altogether, our studies reveal the kinetochore as an ideal tool to investigate the non-canonical modes of chromosome segregation and cell division in Plasmodium. Summary StatementThe dynamic localization of kinetochore marker NDC80 protein complex during proliferative stages of the malaria parasite life cycle reveals unique modes of chromosome segregation.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Kinesin-8B controls basal body function and flagellum formation and is key to malaria parasite transmission

Eukaryotic flagella are conserved microtubule-based organelles that drive cell motility. Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has a single flagellate stage: the male gamete in the mosquito. Three rounds of endomitotic division together with an unusual mode of flagellum assembly rapidly produce eight motile gametes. These processes are tightly coordinated but their regulation is poorly understood. To understand this important developmental stage, we studied the function and location of the microtubule-based motor kinesin-8B, using gene-targeting, electron microscopy and live cell imaging. Deletion of the kinesin-8B gene showed no effect on mitosis but disrupted 9+2 axoneme assembly and flagellum formation during male gamete development and also completely ablated parasite transmission. Live cell imaging showed that kinesin-8B-GFP did not colocalise with kinetochores in the nucleus but instead revealed dynamic, cytoplasmic localisation with the basal bodies and the assembling axoneme during flagellum formation. We thus uncovered an unexpected role for kinesin-8B in parasite flagellum formation that is vital for the parasite life cycle.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Plasmodium condensin core subunits (SMC2/SMC4) mediate atypical mitosis and are essential for parasite proliferation and transmission

Condensin is a multi-subunit protein complex regulating chromosome condensation and segregation during cell division. In Plasmodium spp., the causative agent of malaria, cell division is atypical and the role of condensin is unclear. Here we examine the role of SMC2 and SMC4, the core subunits of condensin, during endomitosis in schizogony and endoreduplication in male gametogenesis. During early schizogony SMC2/SMC4 localize to a distinct focus, identified as the centromeres by NDC80 fluorescence and ChIP-seq analyses, but do not form condensin I or II complexes. In mature schizonts and during male gametogenesis, there is a diffuse SMC2/SMC4 distribution on chromosomes and in the nucleus, and both condensin I and II complexes form at these stages. Knockdown of smc2 and smc4 gene expression revealed essential roles in parasite proliferation and transmission. The condensin core subunits (SMC2/SMC4) form different complexes and may have distinct functions at various stages of the parasite life cycle.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Systematic analysis of Plasmodium myosins reveals differential expression, localization and function in invasive and proliferative parasite stages

The myosin superfamily comprises of actin-dependent eukaryotic molecular motors important in a variety of cellular functions. Although well studied in many systems, knowledge of their functions in Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is restricted. Previously, six myosins were identified in this genus, including three Class XIV myosins found only in Apicomplexa and some Ciliates. The well characterised MyoA, is a class XIV myosin essential for gliding motility and invasion. Here, we characterize all other Plasmodium myosins throughout the parasite life cycle and show that they have very diverse patterns of expression and cellular location. MyoB and MyoE, the other two Class XIV myosins, are expressed in all invasive stages, with apical and basal locations, respectively. Gene deletion revealed that MyoE is involved in sporozoite motility, MyoF and MyoK are likely essential in the asexual blood stages, and MyoJ and MyoB are not essential. Both MyoB and its essential light chain (MCL-B) are localised at the apical end of ookinetes but expressed at completely different time points. This work provides a better understanding of the role of actomyosin motors in Apicomplexan parasites, particularly in the motile and invasive stages of Plasmodium during sexual and asexual development within the mosquito.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Plasmodium Kinesin-8X associates with mitotic spindles and is essential for oocyst development during parasite proliferation and transmission

Kinesin-8 proteins are microtubule motors that are often involved in regulation of mitotic spindle length and chromosome alignment. They move towards the ends of spindle microtubules and regulate the dynamics of these ends due, at least in some species, to their microtubule depolymerization activity. Plasmodium spp. exhibit an atypical endomitotic cell division in which chromosome condensation and spindle dynamics are not well understood in the different proliferative stages. Genome-wide homology analysis of Plasmodium spp. revealed the presence of two Kinesin-8 motor proteins (Kinesin-8X and Kinesin-8B). Here we have studied the biochemical properties of Kinesin-8X and its role in parasite proliferation. In vitro, Kinesin-8X showed motile and depolymerization activities like other Kinesin-8 motors. To understand its role in cell division, we have used protein tagging and live cell imaging to define the location of Plasmodium Kinesin-8X during all proliferative stages of the P berghei life cycle. Furthermore, we have used gene targeting to analyse the function of Kinesin-8X. The results reveal a spatio-temporal involvement of Kinesin-8X in spindle dynamics and its association with both mitotic and meiotic spindles and the putative microtubule organising centre (MTOC). Deletion of the Kinesin-8X gene showed that this protein is required for endomitotic division during oocyst development and is therefore necessary for parasite replication within the mosquito gut, and for transmission to the vertebrate host. Consistently, transcriptome analysis of{Delta} kinesin-8X parasites reveals modulated expression of genes involved mainly in microtubule-based processes, chromosome organisation and the regulation of gene expression supporting a role in cell division.\n\nAuthor SummaryKinesins are microtubule-based motors that play key roles in intracellular transport, cell division and motility. Members of the Kinesin-8 family contribute to chromosome alignment during cell division in many eukaryotes. However, the roles of kinesins in the atypical cell division in Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, is not known. In contrast to many other eukaryotes, Plasmodium proliferates by endomitosis, in which genome replication and division occur within a nucleus bounded by a persistent nuclear envelope. We show that the Plasmodium genome encodes only nine kinesins and we further investigate the role of Kinesin-8X throughout the Plasmodium life cycle using biochemical and gene targeting approaches. We show that Plasmodium Kinesin-8X has microtubule-based motility and depolymerization activity. We also show that Kinesin-8X is probably localized on putative MTOCs and spindles during cell division in most of the stages of P. berghei life cycle. By gene deletion we demonstrate that Kinesin-8X is essential for normal oocyst development and sporozoite formation. Genome-wide RNA analysis of{Delta} kinesin-8X parasites reveals modulated expression of genes involved in microtubule-based processes. Overall, the data suggest that Kinesin-8X is a molecular motor that plays essential roles during endomitosis in oocyst development in the mosquito, contributing to parasite transmission.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2018

Changes in genome organization of parasite-specific gene families during the Plasmodium transmission stages

The development of malaria parasites throughout their various life cycle stages is controlled by coordinated changes in gene expression. We previously showed that the three-dimensional organization of the P. falciparum genome is strongly associated with gene expression during its replication cycle inside red blood cells. Here, we analyzed genome organization in the P. falciparum and P. vivax transmission stages. Major changes occurred in the localization and interactions of genes involved in pathogenesis and immune evasion, erythrocyte and liver cell invasion, sexual differentiation and master regulation of gene expression. In addition, we observed reorganization of subtelomeric heterochromatin around genes involved in host cell remodeling. Depletion of heterochromatin protein 1 (PfHP1) resulted in loss of interactions between virulence genes, confirming that PfHP1 is essential for maintenance of the repressive center. Overall, our results suggest that the three-dimensional genome structure is strongly connected with transcriptional activity of specific gene families throughout the life cycle of human malaria parasites.

systems biology↗