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Borhan, M. H.

Publications and source records attributed to Borhan, M. H..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

Plasticity of host cell organelles in response to Pb infection

Plasmodiophora brassicae (Pb) is the most important member of the plant pathogenic protist subgroup, Rhizaria. Pb is an obligate soil-borne plant root pathogen which makes the study of Pb biology and its interaction with its host challenging. To overcome this challenge, we adopted an axenic cell culture method to study the interaction of Pb with its host plant Brassica spp. at the cellular and molecular levels. Pb, during its life cycle within the host, was confined to the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Our results showed that upon Pb infection, the dynamics of the plant cell organelles including mitochondria, plastids, nuclei, vacuoles, vesicles were altered. Both Plants and parasites diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) genes were highly expressed in the calli, which indicated a need for the oil accumulation at the switch between replication and growth stages of the pathogen. This notion was supported by the accumulation of oil bodies that were only observed inside the pathogen cells. Our results also indicated that starch was utilized by the Pb in infected cells, an indication that Pb induces cell viability by altering the host carbon metabolism. The ongoing dynamic changes in the infected plant cell organelles suggest that plant responds to Pb infection, through the induction of organellar plasticity.

plant biology↗

The Arabidopsis WRR4A and WRR4B paralogous NLR proteins both confer recognition of multiple Albugo candida effectors

The oomycete Albugo candida causes white blister rust, an important disease of Brassica crops. Distinct races of A. candida are defined by their specificity for infecting different host species. The White Rust Resistance 4 (WRR4) locus in Col-0 accession of Arabidopsis thaliana contains three genes that encode TIR-NLR resistance proteins. The Col-0 alleles of WRR4A and WRR4B confer resistance to at least four A. candida races (2, 7 and 9 from B. juncea, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively, and Race 4 from Capsella bursa-pastoris). Resistance mediated by both paralogs can be overcome by Col-0-virulent isolates of Race 4. After comparing repertoires of candidate effectors in resisted and resistance-breaking strains, we used transient co-expression in tobacco or Arabidopsis to identify effectors recognized by WRR4A and WRR4B. A library of CCG effectors from four A. candida races was screened for WRR4A- or WRR4B- dependent elicitation of hypersensitive response (HR). These CCG genes were validated for WRR-dependent HR by bombardment assays in wild type Col-0, wrr4A or wrr4B mutants. Our analysis revealed eight WRR4A-recognized CCGs and four WRR4B-recognized CCGs. Remarkably, the N-terminal region of 100 amino acids after the secretion signal is sufficient for WRR4A recognition of these eight recognized effectors. This multiple recognition capacity potentially explains the broad-spectrum resistance to many A. candida races conferred by WRR4 paralogs.

plant biology↗

The Brassica napus Wall-Associated Kinase-Like (WAKL) gene Rlm9 provides race-specific blackleg resistance

In plants, race-specific defense against microbial pathogens is facilitated by resistance (R) genes which correspond to specific pathogen avirulence (Avr) genes. This study reports the cloning of a blackleg R gene from Brassica napus (canola); Rlm9, which encodes a wall-associated kinase-like (WAKL) protein, a newly-discovered class of race-specific plant RLK resistance genes. Rlm9 provides race-specific resistance against isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans carrying the corresponding avirulence gene AvrLm5-9, representing only the second WAKL-type R gene described to date. The Rlm9 protein is predicted to be cell membrane-bound yet appears to have no direct interaction with AvrLm5-9. Rlm9 forms part of a distinct evolutionary family of RLK proteins in B. napus, and while little is yet known about WAKL function, the Brassica-Leptosphaeria pathosystem may prove to be a model system by which the mechanism of fungal avirulence protein recognition by WAKL-type R genes can be determined.

plant biology↗