Comparative analysis of Streptococcus genomes
BackgroundGenome sequencing of multiple strains demonstrated high variability in gene content even in closely related strains of the same species and created a newly emerged object for genomic analysis, the pan-genome, that is, the complete set of genes observed in a given species or a higher level taxon. Here we analysed the pan-genome structure and the genome evolution of 25 strains of Streptococcus suis, 50 strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and 28 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.\n\nResultsFractions of the pan-genome, unique, periphery, and universal genes differ in size, functional composition, the level of nucleotide substitutions, and predisposition to horizontal gene transfer and genomic rearrangements. The density of substitutions in intergenic regions appears to be correlated with selection acting on adjacent genes, implying that more conserved genes tend to have more conserved regulatory regions. The total pan-genome of the genus is open, but only due to strain-specific genes, whereas other pan-genome fractions reach saturation. The strain-specific fraction is enriched with mobile elements and hypothetical proteins, but also contains a number of candidate virulence-related genes, so it may have a strong impact on adaptability and pathogenicity.\n\nAbout 7% of single-copy periphery genes have been found in different syntenic regions. More than a half of these genes are rare in all Streptococcus species; others are rare in at least one species. We have identified the set of genes with phylogenies inconsistent with species and non-conserved location in the chromosome; these genes are candidates for horizontal transfer between species.\n\nAn inversion of length 15 kB found in four independent branches of S. pneumoniae has breakpoints formed by genes encoding a surface antigen protein (PhtD). The observed parallelism may indicate the action of an antigen variation mechanism.\n\nConclusionsMembers of the genus Streptococcus have a highly dynamic, open pan-genome, that potentially confers them with the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, i.e. antibiotic resistance or transmission between different hosts. Hence, understanding of genome evolution is important for the identification of potential pathogens and design of drugs and vaccines.