Boardman, W. S. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2022

Faecal virome of the Australian grey-headed flying fox from urban/suburban environments contains novel coronaviruses, retroviruses and sapoviruses

Bats are important reservoirs for viruses of public health and veterinary concern. Virus studies in Australian bats usually target the families Paramyxoviridae, Coronaviridae and Rhabdoviridae, with little known about their overall virome composition. We used metatranscriptomic sequencing to characterise the faecal virome of grey-headed flying foxes from three colonies in urban/suburban locations from two Australian states. We identified viruses from three mammalian-infecting (Coronaviridae, Caliciviridae, Retroviridae) and one possible mammalian-infecting (Birnaviridae) family. Of particular interest were a novel bat betacoronavirus (subgenus Nobecovirus) and a novel bat sapovirus (Caliciviridae), the first identified in Australian bats, as well as a potentially exogenous retrovirus. The novel betacoronavirus was detected in two sampling locations 1,375 km apart and falls in a viral lineage likely with a long association with bats. This study highlights the utility of unbiased sequencing of faecal samples for identifying novel viruses and revealing broad-scale patterns of virus ecology and evolution.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Transmission of Klebsiella strains and plasmids within and between Grey-headed flying fox colonies

The Grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) is an endemic Australian fruit bat, known to carry pathogens with zoonotic potential. We recently showed these bats harbour the bacterial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and closely related species in the K. pneumoniae species complex (KpSC). However, the dynamics of Klebsiella transmission and gene flow within flying fox colonies were not explored and remain poorly understood. Here we report a high-resolution genomic comparison of 39 KpSC isolates from Greyheaded flying foxes. Illumina whole genome sequences (n=39) were assembled de novo and the Kleborate genotyping tool was used to infer sequence types (STs). Oxford Nanopore sequences were generated for 13 isolates (one for each distinct ST) in order to generate high-quality completed reference genomes. Read mapping and variant calling was used to identify single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within each ST, using the relevant reference genome. In silico genome-scale metabolic models were generated to predict and compare substrate usage to 59 previously published KpSC models for isolates from human and environmental sources, which indicated no distinction on the basis of metabolic capabilities. High-resolution genome comparisons identified five putative strain transmission clusters (four intra- and one inter-colony, n=2-15 isolates each, [≤]25 pairwise SNVs). Inter-colony transmission of Klebsiella africana was found between two flying fox populations located within flying distance. The 13 completed genomes harboured 11 plasmids, all of which showed 37-98% coverage (mean 73%) and [≥]95% identity to those previously reported from human-associated KpSC. Comparison of plasmids from different flying fox associated KpSC indicated an interspecies horizontal plasmid transmission between K. pneumoniae and K. africana for a 98 kbp plasmid, pFF1003. These data indicate that KpSC are able to transmit directly via flying fox populations or indirectly via a common source, and that these isolates can harbour plasmids with similarity to those found in human derived KpSC, indicating gene flow is occurring between isolates from Grey-headed flying fox KpSC and human clinical isolates.

microbiology↗