Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins - filling data gaps on in vitro genotoxicity.
Alternaria toxins are naturally occurring food contaminants with limited and often inconsistent genotoxicity and mutagenicity data. Within the European Partnership for the Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC), an OECD-aligned in vitro testing strategy was applied to fill existing data gaps and to characterize the genotoxic potential of major Alternaria toxins using high-purity test materials. Mutagenicity was assessed using bacterial reverse mutation test (OECD TG 471) and SOS/umu assay, while chromosomal damage was assessed using the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay (OECD TG 487) in TK6 and HepG2 cells, complemented by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and {gamma}H2AX assay in HepaRG cells. Alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), and altertoxin-I (ATX-I) showed clear mutagenicity in bacteria, whereas altenuene (ALT), tenuazonic acid (TeA), and tentoxin (TEN) were negative under the tested conditions. In mammalian cells, AOH, AME, and ATX-I induced MN formation in TK6 cells at concentrations [≥]5.5 {micro}M, [≥]2.5 {micro}M, and [≥]0.21 {micro}M, respectively, with FISH analysis supporting a clastogenic mode of action. In HepG2 cells, all tested toxins induced chromosomal damage, with effect threshold ranging from [≥]6.25 {micro}M (AOH) to [≥]50 {micro}M (TeA). {gamma}H2AX induction confirmed DNA damage for AOH and ATX-I, and at higher concentrations for TeA (1000 {micro}M). Overall, the data indicate clear in vitro genotoxic potential for AOH, AME, and ATX-I and provide evidence of chromosomal damage for ALT, TEN, and TeA, thereby reducing critical data gaps for hazard assessment.