Biology subjects

Bauch, C. T.

Publications and source records attributed to Bauch, C. T..

7 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Trends in Coupled Human-Environment Systems Modelling: A Scoping Review

Classical environmental models assume the influence of humans on environmental systems is constant. However, human and environmental systems respond to one another. As such, coupled human-environment systems (CHES) models have been developed and are becoming more widely studied. In this review, we analyze CHES modelling techniques and study systems over a decade (May 2009-April 2019). We utilized the PRISMA method to filter publications from both Web of Knowledge and PUBMED, yielding 92 relevant papers for our review. Publications more than doubled from the 5-year interval May 2009-December 2013 (28/92) to the 5-year interval January 2014-April 2019 (64/92). CHES models typically used either differential equations (DEs) (44/92) or agent-based models (ABMs) (28/92). We organized the included literature with respect to the technique used to represent human behaviour. We noticed a diversity of approaches in this respect, but primarily optimization techniques (28/92) and game theory (34/92). We noticed a substantial increase in publications using more highly structured models in the second 5-year interval. We attribute this to reduced technological barriers to developing more detailed models, and greater data availability. We discuss the realism of the models and their ability to capture real-world dynamics. Finally, we explore avenues for future research, and discuss unconventional routes such as online communities and artificial intelligence modelling to expand representation of human behaviour in CHES models.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2022

Acclimating to degraded environments: The social rationale for swift action on restoration

As environmental degradation progresses, economies and societies adapt to the loss of ecosystem services and public attention to degradation subsides. In systems experiencing such societal acclimation to degradation, net incentives for stakeholder mitigation peak during early degradation phases and subside over time. Using harmful algae blooms in western Lake Erie as a case study, we illustrate how declines in public attention and societal reliance on lake recreation (i.e., finding recreation alternatives) reduce the incentives for stakeholders to reduce pollution runoff (i.e., mitigation efforts throughout the watershed). We then analyze how acclimation can affect a broad array of conservation challenges by developing a general socio-ecological model of societal response to degradation. We find that delays in initiating stakeholder-driven mitigation efforts can exponentially prolong restoration projects. Furthermore, when alleviating intense degradation relies upon voluntary commitments by many individuals, windows of opportunity for mitigation can be very limited because feedback loops of societal adaptation doom late restoration efforts to failure and lock human-environment systems into degraded states. These windows of opportunity can be particularly narrow when a) stakeholder mitigation requires supportive public opinion or b) even modestly valuable alternative services are available in degraded ecosystems. In such cases, maintaining undegraded human-environment regimes may hinge on quickly initiating stakeholder mitigation movements and allocating limited government conservation funds soon after degradation begins instead of spreading mitigation efforts out over decades. Such initiatives, regardless of whether acclimation is slow or rapid in a given system, also greatly accelerate the pace of environmental restoration. Significance StatementAs societies acclimate to degraded environments, mitigation efforts that hinge on action by many stakeholders can erode. Developing a socio-ecological model of acclimation, we reveal how social and environmental processes intertwine to create alternative stable socio-ecological regimes, with either: 1) undegraded ecosystem states sustained by widespread mitigation adoption, or 2) degraded states where societies neither maintain nor continue relying on traditional, local ecosystem services. This dynamic places a premium on prompt mitigation efforts, which may face narrow opportunity windows to get started and avert degraded regimes in systems that rely on stakeholder-driven mitigation. Moreover, in any system requiring stakeholder action, societal acclimation will increase the importance of early action because decaying mitigation incentives exponentially lengthen restoration efforts.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

When conflicts get heated, so does the planet: social-climate dynamics under inequality

Climate dynamics are inextricably linked to processes in social systems that are highly unequal. This suggests a need for coupled social-climate models that capture pervasive real-world asymmetries in the population distribution of the consequences of anthropogenic climate change and climate (in)action. Here we develop a simple social-climate model with group structure to investigate how anthropogenic climate change and population heterogeneity co-evolve. We find that greater homophily and resource inequality cause an increase in the global peak temperature anomaly by as much as 0.7{degrees}C. Also, climate change can structure human populations by driving opinion polarization. Finally, climate mitigation achieved by reducing the cost of mitigation measures paid by individuals tends to be contingent upon socio-economic conditions, whereas policies that achieve communication between different strata of society show climate mitigation benefits across a broad socio-economic regime. We conclude that advancing climate change mitigation efforts can benefit from a social-climate systems perspective.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2017

Spatial correlation as an early warning signal of regime shifts in a multiplex disease-behaviour network

Early warning signals of sudden regime shifts are a widely studied phenomenon for their ability to quantify a systems proximity to a tipping point to a new and contrasting dynamical regime. However, this effect has been little studied in the context of the complex interactions between disease dynamics and vaccinating behaviour. Our objective was to determine whether critical slowing down (CSD) occurs in a multiplex network that captures opinion propagation on one network layer and disease spread on a second network layer. We parameterized a network simulation model to represent a hypothetical self-limiting, acute, vaccine-preventable infection with shortlived natural immunity. We tested five different network types: random, lattice, small-world, scale-free, and an empirically derived network. For the first four network types, the model exhibits a regime shift as perceived vaccine risk moves beyond a tipping point from full vaccine acceptance and disease elimination to full vaccine refusal and disease endemicity. This regime shift is preceded by an increase in the spatial correlation in non-vaccinator opinions beginning well before the bifurcation point, indicating CSD. The early warning signals occur across a wide range of parameter values. However, the more gradual transition exhibited in the empirically-derived network underscores the need for further research before it can be determined whether trends in spatial correlation in real-world social networks represent critical slowing down. The potential upside of having this monitoring ability suggests that this is a worthwhile area for further research.

epidemiology↗

bioRxiv2017

Global Land Use Implications of Dietary Trends: A Tragedy of the Commons

Global food security and agricultural land management represent two urgent and intimately related challenges that humans must face in the coming decades. Here, we quantify the changes in the global agricultural land footprint if the world were to adhere to the dietary guidelines put forth by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), while accounting for the land use change incurred by import/export required to meet those guidelines. We analyze data at country, continent, and global levels. USDA guidelines are viewed as an improvement on the current land-intensive diet of the average American, but despite this our results show that global adherence to USDA guidelines would require up to 1 gigahectare of additional agricultural land--roughly the size of Canada. The results also show a strong divide between Eastern and Western hemispheres. Because countries increasingly import most of their food, meeting USDA guidelines could cause a Tragedy of the Commons, where self-interested actors race to over-exploit the shared resource of global agricultural lands. National dietary guidelines and practices thus need to be coordinated internationally in order to spare our remaining natural lands, in much the same way that countries are coordinating greenhouse gas emissions.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2017

Interconnections accelerate collapse in a socio-ecological metapopulation

Resource over-exploitation can have profound effects on both ecosystems and the human populations residing in them. Models of population growth based on a depletable resources have been studied previously, but relatively few consider metapopulation effects. Here we analyze a socio-ecological metapopulation model where resources grow logistically on each patch. Each population harvests resources on its own patch to support population growth, but can also harvest resources from other patches when their own patch resources become scarce. We find that allowing populations to harvest from other patches significantly accelerates collapse and also increases the parameter regime for which collapse occurs, compared to a model where populations are not able to harvest resources from other patches. As the number of patches in the metapopulation increases, collapse is more sudden, more severe, and occurs sooner. These effects also persist under scenarios of asymmetry and inequality between patches. We conclude that metapopulation effects in socio-ecological systems can be both helpful and harmful and therefore require urgent study.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2017

Modeling Science Trustworthiness Under Publish Or Perish Pressure

The scientific endeavor pivots on the accurate reporting of experimental and theoretical findings, and consequently scientific publication is immensely important. As the number of active scientists continues to increase, there is concern that rewarding scientists chiefly on publication creates a perverse incentive where careless and fraudulent research can thrive. This is compounded by the predisposition of top-tier journals towards novel or positive findings rather than negative results or investigations that merely confirm a null hypothesis, despite their intrinsic value, potentially compounding a reproducibility crisis in several fields. This is a serious problem for both science and public trust in scientific findings. To date, there has been comparatively little mathematical modeling on the factors that influence science trustworthiness, despite the importance of quantifying the problem. In this work, we present a simple phenomenological model with cohorts of diligent, careless and unethical scientists with funding allocated based on published outputs. The results of this analysis suggest that trustworthiness of published science in a given field is strongly influenced by the false positive rate and the pressures from journals for positive results, and that decreasing available funding has negative consequences for the resulting trustworthiness. We also examine strategies to combat propagation of irreproducible science, including increasing fraud detection and awarding diligence, discussing the implications of these findings.

scientific communication and education↗